1. Tropical deforestation in West Kalimantan, Indonesian
Figure 56.2

2. Three Levels of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity in a vole population
Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem
Figure 56.3 Three levels of biodiversity
Community and ecosystem diversity
across the landscape of an entire region

3. The endangered Marianas “flying fox” bat is an important pollinator
Figure 56.5

4. The rosy periwinkle, a plant that saves lives
Figure 56.6 The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), a plant that saves lives

5. Overexploitation
Figure 56.9

6. Processes culminating in an extinction vortex
Small
population
Genetic
drift
Inbreeding
Lower
reproduction
Higher
mortality
Loss of
genetic
variability
Figure 56.10
Reduction in
individual
fitness and
population
adaptability
Smaller
population

7. Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population
Figure Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population

8. Edges between ecosystems
(a) Natural edges
Figure 56.14
(b) Edges created by human activity

9. An artificial corridor
Figure 56.16

10. Earth’s terrestrial and marine biodiversity hot spots
Terrestrial biodiversity
hot spots
Marine biodiversity
hot spots
Equator
Figure 56.17

11. Zoned reserves in Costa Rica
Nicaragua
CARIBBEAN SEA
Costa
Rica
National park land
Buffer zone
Panama
PACIFIC OCEAN
(a) Zoned reserves in Costa Rica
Figure For the Discovery Video Rain Forests, go to Animation and Video Files.
(b) Schoolchildren in one of Costa Rica’s reserves

12. GULF OF MEXICO FLORIDA Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 50 km
A diver measuring coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
GULF OF MEXICO
FLORIDA
Florida Keys National
Marine Sanctuary
50 km
Figure A diver measuring coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

13. A gravel and clay mine site in New Jersey before and after restoration
Figure 56.21
(a) In 1991, before restoration
(b) In 2000, near the completion of restoration

14. Restoration ecology worldwide
Equator
Figure Restoration ecology worldwide

15. Restoration ecology Truckee River, Nevada
Figure Restoration ecology worldwide
Truckee River, Nevada

16. Kissimmee River, Florida
Restoration Ecology
Figure Restoration ecology worldwide
Kissimmee River, Florida

17. Rhine River, Europe Restoration Ecology
Figure Restoration ecology worldwide
Rhine River, Europe

18. Biophilia: past and present
Detail of animals in a 36,000-year-old cave painting,
Lascaux, France
Biophilia: past and present
Figure Biophilia, past and present
(b)
A 30,000-year-old ivory
carving of a water bird,
found in Germany
(c)
Biologist Carlos Rivera
Gonzales examining a tiny
tree frog in Peru

19. Review Genetic diversity: source of variations that enable
populations to adapt to environmental changes
Species diversity: important in maintaining structure
of communities and food webs
Ecosystem diversity: Provide life-sustaining services
such as nutrient cycling and waste decomposition

20. You should now be able to:
Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology.
List the three major threats to biodiversity and give an example of each.
Define and compare the small-population approach and the declining-population approach.
Distinguish between the total population size and the effective population size.

21. Describe the conflicting demands that may accompany species conservation.
Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important.
Define zoned reserves and explain why they are important.
Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts.

22. Describe the concept of sustainable development.
Explain the goals of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative.