1. L23B: Sociolinguistics 2005-2006
Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers
L23B Website:
11/22/2018

2. Course Assessment Incourse Test (40% of total grade)
TEST DATE: MONDAY, APRIL 3, 2006 (2-4pm)
Final Exam
(60% of total grade)
11/22/2018

3. Topics for this Session
Brief Review
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis
Examples
11/22/2018

4. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis
linguistic variables are counted or quantified. Eg. Labov
Qualitative:
involves description and analysis rather then counting of features. Eg. Bernstein
11/22/2018

5. Quantitative Analysis
Example: Production of ‘t’:
opportunities [t] [/]
Female 1 – (23)
Female 2 – (51)
Male 1 – (45)
Male 2 – (38)
11/22/2018

6. Quantitative Analysis
Example 2
Casual Formal Informant A [t]15%; [t]40%;
[]85% []60%
Informant B [t]65%; [t]90%;
[]35% []10%
11/22/2018

7. Quantitative Researches
Examples:
Labov – New York City (1966, 1977)
Prescribed Text chapter 13
Trudgill – Norwich (1972, 1974), Prescribed Text chapter 14
11/22/2018

8. Trudgill (Norwich) Main Findings:
hypercorrection towards the prestige pronunciation among middle class group
women often ‘over-reported’
men under-reported
11/22/2018

9. Trudgill (Norwich) Main Conclusions drawn:
Men and women had different notions of ‘prestige language’
Men - ‘reversed hypercorrection’
Hence distinction between:
Overt & Covert Prestige.
11/22/2018

10. Qualitative Analysis Example:
How does the doctor inform a patient that
he/she must take more exercise and stop
smoking?
“How about losing some weight?”
“Could you try to take some exercise?”
“Stop smoking & lose weight now!”
“If you don’t stop smoking you will die
soon”
11/22/2018

11. Qualitative Analysis Example: Bernstein (1961) proposed
2 distinctive linguistic patterns:
Restricted
Elaborated
11/22/2018

12. Elaborated – make use of grammatical order & syntax
- use complex sentences, subjunctive, embedding
- frequently used pronouns ‘I’
- richer expressions
11/22/2018

13. Restricted short grammatical sentences poor syntactic form
limited use of adjectives & adverbs
rely on idioms and proverbs
11/22/2018

14. Bernstein (1961) Main Conclusions drawn:
(1) working class had less access to elaborated form
(2) public formal education requires elaborated form
(3) upbringing affected language
11/22/2018

15. Bernstein’s research criticized because of:
Data collection method used
Generalizations made. Eg. lower working class
Qualitative difference in the type of speech was not proven by Bernstein
Poor school results may not be related to language.
11/22/2018

16. THEORIES developed to account for variation
     Social Networks
    Accommodation Theory
      Acts of Identity
      Ideology & language use
11/22/2018

17. Sources 1. Social Network
Prescribed Text ch. 16, Wardhaugh (pg , ), Holmes (pg ).
2.    Acts of Identity
LePage (on reserve), Prescribed Text ch. 20.
3.    Accommodation Theory
Prescribed Text ch. 18, Holmes (pg ).
4. Language and Ideology
Prescribed Text ch. 6, Woolard (available at DITTO).
11/22/2018