1. Limits of Massification in Asia Pacific
Six Sustainability Dilemmas
John N. Hawkins, Deane Neubauer, Ka Ho Mok
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

2. Background of Massification
Martin Trow 1973
Rising share of global enrollments in Asia Pacific
Continued expansion of HE in region
Continued need to support former “elite” system of HE in region especially in research
Is this sustainable?
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

3. The Quality Dilemma
Effort to create greater higher education capacity and their effect on quality
Complex efforts to stipulate the nature of quality, what constitutes comparable measurements, rise of international quality assurance entities, mutual recognition agreements.
Moving from the input side to the output side
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

4. Differentiation Dilemma
Elite systems gave way to expansion and differentiation often resulting in unarticulated new national systems
Every political subunit wanted their own HEIs
Emergence and growth of private sector complicated matters
Mixed models of centralization, decentralization, organized and laissez fair approaches
The attraction of the California Master Plan
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

5. Financing Massified Systems Dilemma
Major contradiction: providing high quality universal HE in context of decreasing public funding
Obsession with global rankings has distorted funding landscape
WCU quest intensifies funding dilemma
Targeted funding e.g. STEM fields, adds to this dilemma
What are some alternatives?
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

6. Private/For Profit/Public HE Dilemma
“Blurring” of boundaries between these models
Public-Private cooperative enterprises
Has the meaning of “public good” significantly changed?
Are there irreducible roles for the State in HE?
Do we need a new language to talk meaningfully about these models?
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

7. Alternative Forms and the HE Dilemma
Massification in some ways led to a search for alternatives
Perhaps heralded by on-line education
Targeted in some ways at learners for whom the issues of access and cost were critical
MOOCs, OERs, and other forms of “disruptive” forces
Quest for “innovation” that massification could not satisfy
Are all these efforts “early indicators” of future of HE?
CCU Leadership Institute 2017

8. Closing Remarks Massification has not developed in isolation
Impacts more than educational development
Access increases but…….
Concerns for QA
Overproduction of college graduates
Underemployment of college graduates
Debt for college graduates, and more
We hope this seminar and the papers will look futuristically at where HE is headed beyond the massification phase
CCU Leadership Institute 2017