1. Brain

2. CEREBRUM Cerebral hemispheres Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Gyrus: folds in the cortex that serve to increase surface area
Sulcus: slit-like depressions between the gyri
Fissures: deep sulci

3. The right hemisphere senses the left side and controls the left side of the body

4. Functional Cortical Areas
Phineas Gage's Story…
Sept. 14, 1848

5. Layering may separate out inputs and outputs from different regions
Projections to different regions arise from different layers

6. Frontal Lobe Precentral gyrus Secondary motor area (6, 8, 44, 45)
Primary motor area (4)
Secondary motor area (6, 8, 44, 45)
Broca’s area (primary speech area (44, 45)
Higher level cognitive functions (reasoning, judgment, personality) (9, 10, 11, 12)

7. A homonculus (‘little man’) shows the body map for motor representation of different areas of the body. Note that some body areas, such as the fingers, have disproportionately larger representation than other body areas, such as the trunk.

8. The frontal lobe is the site for motor planning and motor output, but in humans the frontal lobe -- especially the prefrontal cortex -- performs many other functions:
Initiating activities
Planning
Holding critical information ready to use
Changing mental set from one line of thinking to another
Monitoring the effectiveness of ones actions
Inhibiting plans and actions that are ineffective or self defeating

9. Parietal Lobe Postcentral gyrus Secondary sensory area (40)
Primary sensory area (3, 1, 2)
Secondary sensory area (40)
Somaestetic association area (5, 7)
Cortical reading area (39)

10. A homonculus (‘little man’) shows the body map for somatosensory representation of different areas on the body. Note that some body areas, such as the face, have disproportionately larger representation than other body areas, such as the trunk.

11. Temporal Lobe Primary auditory area (Heschl gyri; 41, 42)
Secondary auditory area (Wernicke; 22)
Secondary speech area
left, connected to Wernicke and Broca)
Olfactory area (34)
Olfactory association area (28)

12. Occipital Lobe
Primary vision area (17)
Secondary vision area (18, 19)

13. White mater Commisural fibers: corpus callosum, anterior commisure...
Association fibers: arcuate fascicle, uncinate fascicle,....
Projection fibers: ascebding and descending tracts

14. CEREBRUM Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia):
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Claustrum
Globus Pallidus
Corpus amygdaloideum
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
Disorders: Parkinsonism, Chorea, Athetosis, Hemiballism

15. Basal Nuclei Act by modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways
Primary functions
Regulates muscle tone throughout the body
Selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement
Helping monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions, especially those related to posture and support
Controls large automatic movement

16. CEREBRUM Diencephalon: Epithalamus Metathalamus Dorsal thalamus
Ventral thalamus (subthalamus)
Hypothalamus
Hypophysis

17. Thalamus Final relay point for ascending sensory information
Coordinates the activities of the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
Domain-specific information processing

18. Hypothalamus Receives indirect sensory inputs from all sensory systems
Sends neural outputs to various motor control nuclei
Sends neural outputs to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Sends both neural and hormonal outputs to pituitary

19. Hypothalamus
Controls somatic motor activities at the subconscious level
Controls autonomic function
Coordinates activities of the endocrine and nervous systems
Secretes hormones
Produces emotions and behavioral drives
Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature
Coordinates circadian cycles of activity
4Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproductive behavior

20. CEREBELLUM Posterior cranial fossa Two hemispheres+vermis
Function: Coordinates actions of postural muscles and programs somatic motor movements

21. Layers of the Brain (Meninges)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

22. Ventricular System
Lateral ventricles: largest, separated by septum pellucidum.
Interventricular foramen (of Monro): lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
3rd ventricle: lies between thalamic masses
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius): 3rd to 4th ventricle

23. Secretion and circulation of CSF
Choroid plexuses
ml/day
Subarachnoid cisterns
Arachnoid granulations
Superior sagittal sinus
Venous system

24. Arteries of the Brain
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery

25. Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral arteries

26. Venous drainage of the brain
Superior cerebral veins
Deep cerebral veins