1. Protein Synthesis I. Introduction A. History 1. Protein Structure
a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules
b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula
c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin
d. T. Svedberg – proposed that proteins had conformation
e. Armour Hot Dog Co. – purified pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

2. 2. From Gene to Protein
a. J. von Liebig – started physiological chemistry
b. E. Buchner – started Bio-chemistry
c. W. Rontgen – discovered value of x-rays, led to X-ray crystallography
d. L. Pauling – discovered H-bonding in protein
e. G. Beadle & E. Tatum – relationship of gene to protein

3. B. The Code 1. Central Dogma a. DNA  RNA  Protein (Product)
Figure 10.6A

4. 3. Reading Frame (a sequence of DNA bases which code for product)
2. Triplet Code (three bases equals one amino acid in the protein chain)
Figure 10.7
3. Reading Frame (a sequence of DNA bases which code for product)

5. 3. Code Dictionary (Based on mRNA codons)
a. Special Codes
Figure 10.8A

6. II. Transcription (Reading DNA into RNA)
A. Definition
B. Process
1. Overview
2. Players
a. Transcription factors
b. RNA polymerase
Figure 10.9B
Figure 10.9A

7. 3. Initiation
4. Elongation
Figure 10.9A

8. 5. Termination
6. Modification
Figure 10.10
Figure 10.9B

9. III. Translation (Reading RNA into product (protein))
A. Definition
B. Process
1. Overview
2. Players
a. tRNA
Figure 10.11A

10. b. rRNA
c. mRNA
Figure 10.12C

11. 3. Initiation 4. Elongation
Figure 10.13B
Figure 10.14

12. Figure 10.8A
5. Termination
Figure 10.15

13. 6. Modification
Figure 17.22

14. IV. Gene Expression A. Strategies 1. Prokaryotes Fig. 11.1b OPERON
Operon turned off (lactose absent)
Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)
DNA
mRNA
OPERON
Protein
Active
repressor
RNA polymerase
cannot attach to
promoter
Regulatory
gene
Promoter Operator
Lactose-utilization genes
Lactose
Fig. 11.1b

15. 2. Eukaryotes Promoter Enhancers Gene DNA Transcription factors
RNA polymerase
Bending
of DNA
DNA
Fig. 11.3

16. B. Organelles Nucleus & Free Ribosomes!
1. Intracellular
What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell?
Nucleus & Free Ribosomes!
2. Extracellular
What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention?
Nucleus, Ribosomes, rER, Vacuoles, Golgi, & Vacuoles!

17. VI. Mutations A. Definition B. Point 1. Base Pair Substitutions
Figure 10.16A
Figure 10.16B
2. Frame Shift