1. The Nature of Gases

2. Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases
The word kinetic refers to motion.
The energy an object has because of its motion is called kinetic energy.
The kinetic theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion.

3. Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases
A gas is composed of particles, usually molecules or atoms.
They have insignificant volume and are relatively far apart from one another.

4. Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases
The particles in a gas move rapidly in constant random motion. They travel in straight paths and move independently of each other.
As a result, gases fill their
containers regardless of
the shape and volume of
the containers.

5. Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases
All collisions between gas molecules are perfectly elastic.
During an elastic collision, kinetic energy is transferred without loss from one particles to another, and the total kinetic energy remains constant.

6. Gas Pressure
Gas pressure is defined as the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object.
Gas pressure is the result of simultaneous collisions of billions of rapidly moving gas particles with an object.

7. Gas Pressure
If there are no gas particles present, there cannot be collisions, and there is no pressure. Such an empty space is called a vacuum.

8. Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure results from the collisions of air molecules with objects.
Air exerts pressure on Earth because gravity holds air molecules in Earth’s atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure decreases as you climb a montain because the density of the Earth’s atmosphere decreases as elevation increases.

9. Atmospheric Pressure

10. Barometers
Barometers are devices used to measure atmospheric pressure.
This pressure is dependent on weather.

11. Pressure Units The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).
Normal atmospheric pressure is about 100,000 Pa, that is 100 kilopascals (kPa).
Two older unit of pressure are millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and atmospheres (atm).

12. Pressure Units
One standard atmosphere (atm) is the pressure required to support 760 mm of mercury at 25 C.
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = kPa

13. Converting Units of Pressure
A tire pressure gauge records a pressure of 450 kPa. What is this pressure measurement expressed in atmospheres and millimeters of mercury?

14. Converting Units of Pressure
1. what pressure, in kilopascals and in atmospheres, does a gas exert at 385 mm Hg?
2. the pressure at the top of Mount Everest is 33.7 kPa. Is that pressure greater or less than 0.25 atm?

15. Kinetic Energy and Temperature
As a substance is heated, its particles absorb energy, some of which is stored within the particles.
This stored energy, or potential energy, does not raise the temperature of the substance.
The remaining absorbed energy speeds up the particles (increases their kinetic energy), which results in an increase in temperature.

16. Kinetic Energy and Temperature
At any given temperature the particles of all substances, regardless of physical state, have the same average kinetic energy.

17. Kinetic Energy and Temperature
Absolute zero (0K or C) is the temperature at which the motion of particles stops (no KE).
The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles of the substance.