1. Structures and Arrangement
Bacteria
Structures and Arrangement

2. Compare the two bacterial kingdoms.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Cell Type
prokaryote
DNA
Single loop of DNA; plasmid
Environment
Extreme environments
Typical conditions
Miscellaneous
Closely related to eukaryotes
Divided in two

3. In Extreme Environments
Where are archaebacteria found?
In Extreme Environments
Geysers
Nuclear Reactors
Volcanoes
Ocean Floor Vents
Intestines of Cows

4. 2 Groups of Eubacteria 1. Gram (+) Positive Eubacteria
Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Purple when stained
Antibiotic used to treat: Penicillin
2. Gram (-) Negative Eubacteria
Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Pink when stained
Antibiotic used to treat: Tetracycline
Peptidoglycan – compound found on cell walls of bacteria; made of sugars and aminoacids

5. 3 Bacterial Structures
Plasmids – small rings of DNA external to “chromosomal DNA”
Can easily pass traits such as antibiotic resistance from cell to cell
Used in genetic engineering
Flagella – protein fiber used for movement
Pili – thick, short cell outgrowth (think hair)
Aids in attachment and reproduction

6. Flagella
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cell wall
Pilli
DNA

7. Bacterial Shape SHAPE Bacillus Coccus Spirillum Example Rod shaped
spherical
spiral

8. Bacterial Arrangement
Diplo-
Strepto-
Staphylo-
Example
Cells form pairs
Cells form chains
Cells form clumps

9. Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis

10. Food Poisoning
Bacillus cereus

11. Diarrhea, urinary tract infections
Escherichia coli

12. Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph), is a bacteria commonly found in the nose, mouth, rectum or genital area. The bacteria are harmless until they enter the body through a cut, scrape or other break in the skin. Staphylococcus Aureus infections can invade and attack any part of your body, from your skin, eyes and nails to the inner lining of your heart.

13. Four ways to Identify bacteria
shape
cell wall structure
how they move_
how they obtain energy

14. 4 Types of Metabolism METABOLIC TYPE Phototrophic
Receives energy from sun
Chemoautotrophic
Receives energy from oxidizing inorganic molecules such as sulfur or nitrogen; found in ocean vents
Heterotrophic
Absorbs energy molecules made by other organisms
Photoheterotroph
Organism that captures sunlight for energy & also needs organic molecules as a carbon source

15. Anaerobic vs Aerobic
Anaerobic – bacteria does not need oxygen to survive
Tetanus Bacteria
Aerobic – bacteria needs oxygen to survive
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

16. Reproduction Binary Fission (asexual) Conjugation (sexual)
DNA is replicated
One cell divides into two news cells with each cell containing a copy of the DNA
Conjugation (sexual)
Cells swap genetic material using palsmids
A pilus is used to transfer DNA (genetic material) from one cell to another

17. E.Coli
30 minutes
30 minutes
Scientists love to use this in biotechnology!!

18. Endospores
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and temporarily non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria to survive during periods of:
Drought
Extreme Heat
radiation

19. How does bacteria enter body
Through air - breathing
Food and water intake
Body openings – nostrils, mouth, ears, cuts, etc

20. Food storage and Control
Refrigeration
Slows growth of bacteria
Bacteria prefer warm moist and dark habitats
Drying
Bacteria need water to grow; therefore without moisture they cannot grow and reproduce
Heat
Cooking food destroys bacteria. However, if left out for substantial amount of time bacteria can begin to grow
Canning
Heat food until all bacteria is killed and sealing the container to prevent introduction of bacteria.

21. How do bacteria cause disease?
. Damage the cells and tissues by using cells for food
Example: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Release toxins (poisons) that travel throughout the body
Example: Strep throat (leads to scarlet fever) caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Diptheria – Corynebacterium diptheriae (can lead to death)

22. How can we prevent bacterial disease?
. Vaccine – preparation of weakened or killed pathogen
-prompts the body to produce immunity to the pathogen (bacteria/virus)
. Antibiotics – block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

23. Ways to kill bacteria
A chemical solution that kills pathogenic bacteria is called a disinfectant
Sterilization - destroying bacteria by subjecting them to great heat

24. How is bacteria helpful?
. Nitrogen fixers – some remove nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and change it into a form plants use
2. Decomposers
. Human uses:
Inhabit our large intestine (colan) E.Coli – make vitamins
Used to help make foods such as – yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, butter milk, sour cream
Digest petroleum – clean-up of oil spills
Synthesize medicines & chemicals (genetic engineering) creating insulin and other hormones