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The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Chapter 13 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Sui Dynasty (589–618 C.E.) Collapse of Han dynasty, succeeded by regional kingdoms Yang Jian consolidated control of all of China, initiated Sui dynasty Massive building projects Military labor Conscripted labor Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Emperor Sui Yangdi (r. 604–618 C.E.) Linked network of earlier canals 2,000 kilometers (1,240 miles) Roads on either side Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Tang Dynasty (618–907 C.E.) Wide discontent over conscripted labor under Sui dynasty Rebellion prompted by military failures in Korea Emperor Sui Yangdi assassinated in 618 C.E. Tang dynasty initiated Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627–649 C.E.)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, low prices More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Achievements of Tang Dynasty
Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system 20% of land, hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until eighth century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations
Confucian educational curriculum Most candidates advanced through merit Educational opportunity widely available Built loyalty to the dynasty System remained strong until early twentieth century Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations
Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom” Kowtow ritual Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Sui and Tang Dynasties, 589–907 C.E.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Tang Decline Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine Rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander, 755 C.E. Chang’an captured, but rebellion crushed by 763 C.E. Nomadic Uighur mercenaries, invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang Tang decline continued through series of ninth-century rebellions; last emperor abdicated 907 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Song Dynasty (960–1279 C.E.) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Under direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960–976 C.E.) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Song Dynasty, 960–1279 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
Two peasant rebellions in twelfth century Internal inertia prevented reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Nomadic Jurchen conquerors forced Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song dynasty) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Economic Development of Tang and Song China
Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year New agricultural techniques: Use of iron plows, draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation, including use of waterwheels Cultivation in difficult terrain, including terraced mountainsides Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production
Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Urbanization Chang’an was world’s most populous city: two million residents Southern Song capital at Hangzhou: over one million Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Patriarchal Social Structures
Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Foot binding gained popularity Increased control by male family members Wu Zhao (626–706 C.E.), the lady emperor Strengthened civil service system Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Technology and Industry
Porcelain (chinaware) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined Moveable type by mid-eleventh century Complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Emergence of a Market Economy
Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable; riots when not honored Government claimed monopoly on money production in eleventh century Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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China and the Hemispheric Economy
Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opened up trade routes, but this increased local demands for imported luxury goods Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Cultural Change in Tang and Song China
Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily of foreign merchant class Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Buddhism in China Sizable Mahayana Buddhist community in Dunhuang, western China, 600–1000 C.E. Buddhist temples, libraries Buddhism attracted interest for moral but also practical reasons Economic success as converts donated land holdings Increased popularity through donations of agricultural produce to poor Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Conflicts with Chinese Traditions
Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy Isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Schools of Buddhism Buddhists adapted ideology to Chinese climate
Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle One son in monastery to bring salvation for ten generations of kin Chan school; Zen Buddhism Pure Land school Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Persecution of Buddhists
Daoist/Confucian persecution supported during late Tang dynasty Systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions begun in 840s Zoroastrians, Christians, Manichaeans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Neo-Confucianism Song dynasty refrained from persecuting Buddhists, but favored Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Philosopher Zhu Xi (1130–1200 C.E.) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chinese Influence in Korea
Campaigns of imperial expansion brought Tang armies into Korea and Vietnam Silla dynasty in Korea: Tang armies withdrew; Korea recognized Tang as emperor Technically a vassal state, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Chinese Influence in Vietnam
Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology Ongoing resentment at political domination Asserted independence when Tang dynasty fell in tenth century Chinese traditions, Buddhism remained influential Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Early Japan Chinese armies never invaded Japan, yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710–794 C.E.) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Retention of Shinto religion Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Borderlands of Postclassical China: Korea, Vietnam, and Japan
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Heian Japan (794–1185 C.E.) Japanese emperor moved court to Heian (modern Kyoto) Emperor figurehead; real power in hands of Fujiwara family Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of institution Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Tale of Genji Japanese literature influenced by Chinese models and Chinese language Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese Adaptation of some Chinese characters into Japanese syllabic script Aristocratic Japanese women made notable contributions The Tale of Genji, composed by Murasaki Shikibu Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Decline of Heian Japan Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in twelfth century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E. Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Medieval Japan Kamakura (1185–1333 C.E.) and Muromachi (1336–1573 C.E.) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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