1. Objective:
I can explain how enzymes work and what environmental factors affect them.
Agenda
Bell Ringer
Notes over enzymes
Enzyme lab

2. Enzymes

3. What Are Enzymes?
Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and quaternary structures)
_____________________________________________
Not permanently changed in the process

4. Enzymes Are specific for what they will catalyze Are Reusable
End in –______
-Sucrase
-_______
-Maltase

5. How do enzymes Work?
Enzymes work by ____________________________________________________________

6. Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy
Progress of the reaction
Reactants
Products
Free energy of activation

7. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the ___________
Enzyme
Joins
Substrate

8. Active Site
A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate.
Active Site
Enzyme
Substrate

9. Induced Fit A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site
____________________________________

10. Induced Fit
A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved).
Induced by the substrate.
Enzyme
Active Site
substrate
induced fit

11. What Affects Enzyme Activity?
Three factors:
1. Environmental Conditions
2. ______________________
3. Enzyme Inhibitors

12. The environmental factors that affect enzyme activity arepH
Temperature
____________________

13. Affects of temperature on an enzyme
If temp to high or to low the enzyme will not fit. No reaction will occur.

14. How pH affects an enzyme
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. pH
________________________________________________________________________________________
If the pH is to low or to high the enzyme will work slow because the change in pH changes the shape of the enzyme making it harder for the substrate to fit in.

16. Analyze the graph at what pH does Chymotrypsin function best?

17. Temperature
Enzymes function best at an optimum temperature depending on the type of enzyme it is.
As the temperature rises the enzyme and substrate molecules move quicker causing more collisions to occur, there for creating more products.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. What is the optimal temp for this enzyme?

19. Substrate Concentration
At low substrate concentrations, collisions between enzymes and substrate molecules are rare and reactions are slow.
As the amount of substrates increase so does the collisions between enzymes and substrates.
______________________________________________________________________________

20. 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes
Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity.
Example:
Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

21. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors
a. ________________: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.
Enzyme
Substrate
Competitive inhibitor

22. Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors:
Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site.
Enzyme
Noncompetitive
Inhibitor
Substrate
active site
altered

23. Allosteric Enzymes
Have two binding spots; one for substrate and one for allosteric effector
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Allosteric inhibitor-binds to enzyme to make enzyme inactive