1. Events of the Civil Rights Movement

2. 13th Amendment
1865
Abolished slavery in the United States
Civil Rights Act 1866
States could not enact laws that discriminated against African Americans

3. 14th Amendment
1866
Gave African Americans citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law
15th Amendment
1870
Banned states from denying right to vote based based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

4. Jim Crow laws and Plessy v. Ferguson
Southern States began passing laws that were aimed at separating blacks and whites, Jim Crow laws. Separate schools, streetcars, waiting rooms, elevators, restrooms, drinking fountains, etc. The facilities provided for blacks were always inferior to those provided to whites.
In the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 1896, the Supreme Court ruled “separate but equal” did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

5. 19th Amendment Brown v. BOE
1920
Gave Women the right to vote
Brown v. BOE
1954
In the case, the father of eight year old Linda Brown had charged that his daughters rights were being violated by denying her admission to a white school four blocks from her house, the nearest black school was 21 blocks away.
The Court decided unanimously that segregation was unconstitutional; overthrowing the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that had set the precedent separate but equal.

6. 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks, a 42 year old black seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.
African American community leaders, including Dr, Martin Luther King Jr., organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott which lasted for 381 days and deprived the bus company of 65% of its income.
1956, The Supreme Court decided, based on the school segregation cases, that bus segregation violated the constitution.

7. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 A voting rights bill
Was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since Reconstruction.
In an attempt to keep the act from passing, Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina sustained the longest one-person filibuster in history. 24 hours and 18 minutes

8. 1957 Desegregation at Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock Central High School was to begin the 1957 school year desegregated.
When a group of nine black students arrived at Central High they were kept from entering by the National Guardsmen ordered there by the state Governor.
Judge granted an injunction against the Governor and three days later the group of nine students returned to Central High School. This time a mob of townspeople prevented them from remaining at school.
Finally, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow the students to enter and officially desegregate Central High School.

9. Desegregation at Little Rock

10. 1960 Sit-ins
After having been refused service at the lunch counter of a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, Joseph McNeill, an African American college student, returned the next day with three classmates to sit at the counter until they were served, they were not served.
They returned to the lunch counter each day.
An article in the New York Times drew attention to the students' protest,
students, both black and white, across the nation were inspired to launch similar protests.

11. Freedom Rides
In 1961, protesters waged a cross-country campaign to try to end the segregation of bus terminals.
The nonviolent protest was brutally received at many stops along the way
Presidents Kennedy sent federal troops to protect the riders
The Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in all travel facilities

12. Birmingham March
In 1963, Dr. King and other civil rights leaders tried to desegregate the city of Birmingham, Alabama.
Police attacked activists with dogs and water hoses
Americans were outrages by what they saw and television.
City officials eventually gave in, and agreed to end segregation

13. March on Washington
To build support and to publicize the civil rights movement a march on Washington D.C. was organized, in 1963.
The historic event became the symbol of the civil rights movement.
It is at this march that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr gave his famous “ I Have a Dream Speech”.

14. 1964 Twenty-fourth Amendment
On January 23, 1964 the 24th Amendment was passed.
States could no longer deny citizens the right to vote by charging poll or voting taxes to vote for President, Vice-President, Senators, or Representative to Congress.
1964 Civil Rights Act
Signed into law on July 2, 1964 by President Lyndon Johnson
The act banned discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

15. 1965 Voting Rights Act / Freedom Summer
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. led the campaign to help register voters, freedom summer, but when they tried to register to vote they were beaten and arrested.
Civil rights leaders called for a march from Selma to the capitol, Montgomery. Governor George Wallace banned the protest but about 600 people continued the march. Just outside Selma police attack swinging clubs, whips, and ropes.
Five months later, the Voting Rights Act was passed which put the entire registration process under federal control.

16. 1965 Selma, Alabama

17. Americans with Disabilities Act
26th Amendment
1971, This amendment extended the right to vote to American citizens who were eighteen years old or older..
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Banned Discrimination in housing sales and rentals
Americans with Disabilities Act
1990, prohibited discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities in employment, transportation, telephone services, and access to public buildings
Voting Rights Act
In 1975, required states and communities with large numbers of non-English speaking residents to print the ballot in various foreign languages.