1. PLANTS
9 Biology

2. Plant Anatomy Leaves: photosynthesis and transpiration
Stem: support, transport of H2O and sugar
Roots: anchor, and absorb H2O and minerals
Flower: contains reproductive parts of plant

3. Roots Root hairs: increase surface area to increase absorption
Nodules: symbiotic relationship with fungi/bacteria for nitrogen fixation
Sometimes sugar storage: potato, carrot, turnip, onion, garlic

4. Stems
Vascular bundles: xylem (water transport) and phloem( sugar transport)
Cambium: sometimes bark, sometimes herbacious

5. Leaves Waxy cuticle: waterproof Upper epidermis: chloroplasts
Spongy mesophyll: H2O, sugar, O2 storage
Lower epidermis: stomata controlled by guard cells, open to release O2 (atmosphere), H2O (transpiration), take in CO2(photosynthesis)

6. Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
Angiosperm- flowering plants, have a coated seed
Gymnosperms- conifers (pine trees), “naked seed”

7. Monocots and Dicots Monocots and Dicots differ in the following ways:
Leaf venation
Vascular tissue arrangement
Number of flower petals
Root arrangement

8. Meristematic Tissue Meristematic tissue: stem cell tissue of the plant
Apical meristematic tissue: helps stem grow up and roots grow down
Lateral meristematic tissue: helps stem(trunk) increase in girth

9. Ground Tissue Parenchyma: storage and photosynthesis
Collenchema: support and flexibility
Sclerenchyma: all dead- support and vessel elements “wood pulp”

10. Plant Hormones
Auxins- IAA, causes plants to grow to the light (phototropism)
Gibberelin- helps with plant growth and seed germination
Ethylene- only gas hormone, helps with ripening

11. Tropisms Phototropism- plants grow to light
Gravitropism- plants grow in response to gravity
Thigmotropism- plants respond to touch (Venus Flytrap, tendrils on vines)

12. Angiosperm Reproduction
Female parts are the carpel: stigma, style and ovary
Male parts are the stamen: the filament and anther, pollen
STEPS:
1. Pollen lands on the stigma
2. Nucleus in pollen creates a pollen tube to reach ovule
3. Pollen fertilizes ovule to create a zygote (seed)

13. Fertilization
Self-fertilization decreases genetic fitness of plant species
Pollination accomplished by insects, birds and animals