1. ON PATHS LESS TRODDEN… Excursions in SAS/GRAPH® PROC TABULATE and
Presented by Aaron Rabushka
© Aaron Rabushka 2000

2. PART I: PROC TABULATE

3. PROC TABULATE: GENERAL
Powerful
Tricky
has its own book:
The SAS Guide to TABULATE Processing

4. PROC TABULATE: GENERAL
Often used as a big brother to PROC FREQ to display counts and sums that require more than two levels of nesting on a page
Can aggregate any level of its elements’ detail
label formatting can help distinguish aggregations of variables

5. PROC TABULATE: TYPES OF VARIABLES
Uses two kinds of variables:
classification variables
CLASS statement
can be either numeric or character variables
can be grouped with a FORMAT statement
default statistic is N

6. CODE EXAMPLE PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;

7. PROC TABULATE: TYPES OF VARIABLES Uses two kinds of variables: – classification variables • CLASS statement • can be either numeric or character variables • can be grouped with a FORMAT statement • default statistic is N
analysis variables
VAR statement
must be numeric
default statistic is SUM

8. CODE EXAMPLE VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;

9. PROC TABULATE: INTERRELATING VARIABLES
CONCATENATION
can concatenate variables and statistics to each other in any dimension
CROSSING (nesting)
reveals much of the power of PROC TABULATE
can cross variables and statistics with each other and also with formats

10. PROC TABULATE: DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
Can aggregate and display the aggregations in three dimensions (in ascending order of necessity):
column
row
page
Dimensional specifications are separated with commas and can be quite complex

11. CODE EXAMPLE TABLES ZONE,DAYNUM*SYSID, N CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,DAYNUM*SYSID,
N CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;

12. PROC TABULATE: DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL
can use labels to distinguish levels of aggregation

13. CODE EXAMPLE TABLES ZONE,
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT NOSEPS;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,
(DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL SYSTEMS'),
N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9. CPUTIME*SUM EXCTIME*SUM;

17. PROC TABULATE: DIMENSIONS OF DISPLAY
Can aggregate in any dimension with ALL
can use labels to distinguish levels of aggregation
Can also group data over pages with a BY statement--works if there is no need to aggregate across BY groups

18. PROC TABULATE: AVAILABLE STATISTICS
Can display many of the statistics available through PROC MEANS
Percentages: PCTN (the percentage a cell comprises of a count) and PCTSUM (the percentage that a cell comprises of a sum)
it is IMPERATIVE and often tricky to use the correct denominator!
wise to test on “easy” data before applying it to the real data

19. CODE EXAMPLE TABLES ZONE,
PROC TABULATE DATA=HOLDOUT.AUDIT;
CLASS ZONE DAYNUM SYSID;
VAR CPUTIME EXCTIME;
TABLES ZONE,
(DAYNUM='DAY' ALL='ALL DAYS')*(SYSID ALL='ALL SYSTEMS'),
N=‘NUMBER OF STEPS’*F=9.
PCTN<SYSID ALL>
CPUTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>) EXCTIME*(SUM PCTSUM<SYSID ALL>);

21. PROC TABULATE: DOWNLOADING OUTPUT
Transfer as text
May help to eliminate cell separators with the NOSEPS and/or FORMCHAR
pro: this can make the output easier to work with in a spreadsheet
con: this can make the output confusing to interpret by obscuring inter-cell relationships

24. PROC TABULATE: LIMITATIONS
Can consume large (perhaps excessive) amounts of CPU time
Version 8 is the first to include an OUTput dataset

25. PART II: SAS/GRAPH

26. SAS/GRAPH: OUTPUT
Connects with output equipment using appropriate GOPTIONS and JCL
Can print output directly from the mainframe or download to a PC and process with Adobe Acrobat®
Can also output directly to Intranet/Internet

27. SAS/GRAPH: COORDINATES
SAS/GRAPH measures coordinates from the upper left corner of the page

28. SAS/GRAPH: TEXT Can control any text in the output
headings
axes
footnotes
annotations
Can control many aspects of text in the output
font
color
weight
slant

29. SAS/GRAPH: ANNOTATIONS
Add text to the outputs from SAS/GRAPH PROCs
Stored in a SAS dataset that includes
text of the annotation
a value to link it to the input for the PROC
formatting information

30. SAS/GRAPH: COLORS
Can control colors of many elements of output, including
text
figures
borders
Realization is device-dependent--colors may show up differently on (e.g.,) monitors and printers
SAS can assign a default sequence of colors, or programmers can select sequences that they want

31. SAS/GRAPH: COLORS Can use several naming schemes:
SAS idiomatic color names
eight pages of choices in the Version 6 manual
RGB (RED/GREEN/BLUE) scheme
HLS (HUE/LIGHTNESS/SATURATION) scheme
grey-scale scheme

32. SAS/GRAPH: PATTERNS
SAS can assign a default sequence or programmers can determine a sequence
Pattern designations other than SOLID and EMPTY depend on the direction and density of their lines and sometimes on the type of output

33. CODE EXAMPLE * ASSIGN SOME PATTERNS AND COLORS; * SOLID FILLS: ;
PATTERN1 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=PAB;
PATTERN2 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=BLUE;
PATTERN3 VALUE=SOLID COLOR=GREEN;
* SLANTED LINES: ;
PATTERN4 VALUE=L2 COLOR=DER;
* CROSS-HATCHING: ;
PATTERN5 VALUE=X4 COLOR=ORANGE;

34. SAS/GRAPH: AXES
Can create individual definitions of axes, then assign them in SAS/GRAPH PROCs
Similar to creating SAS TITLEs
Can assign attributes including length, scale, color, tick-markings, and attributes of text
Vertical or horizontal status is assigned in the PROCs rather than the AXIS definitions

35. CODE EXAMPLE * AXIS DEFINITIONS;
AXIS1 LABEL=('MAINFRAME PRINTERS' HEIGHT=3) VALUE=(HEIGHT=1) ORDER='TPK' '3800' 'PRT' 'PAYR' 'STP' 'OTH';
AXIS ORDER=(O TO &MAXPAGES BY 20000) LABEL=(' ') VALUE=(HEIGHT=1);

36. SAS/GRAPH: LEGENDS SAS/GRAPH has its own legend facility
Can also use FOOTNOTEs as legends
can string SPECIAL-font K’s (case-sensitive) together to produce color bands

37. CODE EXAMPLE FOOTNOTE1 HEIGHT=1 BOX=3 FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=VIR 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'TOPEKA '
FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=MOR 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK '3800 '
FONT=SPECIAL COLOR=GREEN 'KKK '
FONT=SWISSB COLOR=BLACK 'OTHER';

38. SAS/GRAPH: THE G-PREFIX
All SAS/GRAPH PROCs begin with G-
Requires a special set of SAS options--GOPTIONS

39. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE
Great for text screens

41. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE
Great for text screens
every element may need an observation in an ANNOTATE dataset

42. CODE EXAMPLE *BUILD AN ANNOTATION DATASET FOR A SLIDE: ;
DATA NOTES; SET ALLDAY;
*OUTPUT THE DATE: ;
X = 40; Y = 55 - (_N_ * 5);
FUNCTION='LABEL';
COLOR = 'BLACK';
STYLE = 'SWISSB';
TEXT=PUT(DATE,WORDDATE18.);
OUTPUT;

43. CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.) * OUTPUT THE NUMBER OF PAGES: ;
X=90; Y=55 - (_N_ - 5);
FUNCTION='LABEL';
IF COUNT >= THEN COLOR='RED'; ELSE COLOR='GREEN';
STYLE='SWISSB';
TEXT=PUT(COUNT,COMMA9.);
OUTPUT;

44. CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.) * TEXT SLIDE FROM THE PRECEDING ANNOTATIONS: ;
PROC GSLIDE ANNOTATE=NOTES GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT= 'PAGES PRINTED, BY DAY';

46. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GSLIDE • Great for text screens – every element may need an observation in an ANNOTATE dataset
also generates some graphics of its own (e.g., bar charts)

47. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
Provides many standard graphing capabilities:
star charts
block charts
pie charts

49. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
Provides many standard graphing capabilities:
star charts
block charts
pie charts
bar charts

50. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
horizontal bars (HBAR)

52. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
horizontal bars (HBAR)
vertical bars (VBAR)

54. CODE EXAMPLE PROC GCHART DATA=PRINTOUT; VBAR DEVNAME / ANNOTATE=LABELS
SUMVAR=PAGES
PATTERNID=MIDPOINT
AUTOREF
MAXIS=AXIS1 RAXIS=AXIS2
CFRAME=LIGR COUTLINE=DAPB;
TITLE1 "PAGES PRINTED BY DEVICE FROM &FMDATE TO &TODATE";
FOOTNOTE1…

56. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
BAR CHARTS
horizontal bars (HBAR)
vertical bars (VBAR)
can group bars with a GROUP statement and stack them with a SUBGROUP statement

59. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GCHART
Interesting use of the term “midpoint” to mean “category”
not used in its strict mathematical sense to mean the half-way point between the two ends of a quantitative continuum
can be used for any value, grouped or elemental, of a numeric or character variable

60. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT
Cannot connect values in PROC GCHART-- need to use GPLOT

61. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT
Can use SAS’s default symbols, or programmers can select which to use
Can assign SYMBOL definitions comparably to AXIS or TITLE definitions
Can use some pre-defined SAS symbols (e.g., DOT, SQUARE, DIAMOND) or can use letters, including their analogues in SPECIAL and MARKER fonts

62. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options
no joining required

64. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options
no joining required
lines (straight lines)

66. SAS/GRAPH:. PROC GPLOT Joining symbols:
SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT Joining symbols: INTERPOLATION options – no joining required – lines (straight lines)
splines (curved lines)
needles
join symbols to the x-axis rather than to each other
can be made to look like bars on a bar graph

68. CODE EXAMPLE SYMBOL1 VALUE=NONE WIDTH=90 INTERPOL=NEEDLE COLOR=RED;
SYMBOL2 VALUE=N HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=ORANGE;
SYMBOL3 VALUE=O HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=VIR;
SYMBOL4 VALUE=P HEIGHT=2 FONT=MARKER INTERPOL=JOIN COLOR=MOR;
PROC GPLOT DATA=TRNSDATE GOUT=PANELS;
PLOT (PRT STP TOP _3800)*ENDDATE /
HAXIS=AXIS1 VAXIS=AXIS2 OVERLAY;
TITLE1…; TITLE2…; FOOTNOTE1…;

69. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GPLOT Several plots on a single graph
OVERLAY option: several plots keyed to a single set of axes
PLOT2 option: one or more plots keyed to the same x-axis as the first set of plots and to a second y-axis printed on the graph’s right

70. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY
Great for presenting output from several SAS/GRAPH procedures as panels on a single page

71. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY
Use a template partly generated through PROC GSLIDE and assigned in PROC GREPLAY

72. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY
Requires an internal (to the SAS job) catalog of output from preceding procedures
created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in preceding procedures

73. CODE EXAMPLE PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN;

74. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY
Requires an interior (to the SAS job) catalog of output from preceding procedures
created by GOUT (graph output) clauses in preceding procedures
referenced in GREPLAY with the IGOUT (input graph output catalog)

75. CODE EXAMPLE PROC GSLIDE GOUT=PANELS;
TITLE1 HEIGHT=3 "THREE PANELS ON A PAGE"; RUN;
PROC GREPLAY IGOUT=PANELS TC=TEMPCAT NOFS;

76. SAS/GRAPH: PROC GREPLAY
Need to assign proper co-ordinates for each corner of each panel

77. CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.) * DEFINE A TEMPLATE;
TDEF THREEPAN DES='THREE PANELS'
/* PANEL 1--UPPER HALF */ / LLX=0 LLY=50 ULX=0 ULY= URX=100 URY=95 LRX=100 LRY=50
/* PANEL 2--LOWER LEFT */ / LLX=0 LLY=0 ULX=0 ULY= URX=50 URY=50 LRX=50 LRY=0
/* PANEL 3--LOWER RIGHT */ / LLX=50 LLY=0 ULX=50 ULY= URX=100 URY=50 LRX=100 LRY=0
/* PANEL 4--FOR FRAMING THE REST */ / LLX=0 LLY=0 ULX=0 ULY= LRX=100 LRY=0 URX=100 URY=100;

78. CODE EXAMPLE (cntd.)
* ASSIGN THE PRECEEDING TEMPLATE FOR USE.; TEMPLATE=THREEPAN;
* REPLAY PRECEDING OUTPUT INTO THE TEMPLATE'S PANELS.; TREPLAY 1:GSLIDE 2:GCHART 3:GCHART1 4:GSLIDE1;

80. OUTPUT EXAMPLES SCANNED BY MAURA SCHREIER-FLEMING

81. QUESTIONS?