1. Russell Sage and Spencer Foundations, 2011

2. Family income relative to 1947

3. Family income relative to 1979

4. Why?

5. Achievement and attainment

6. Years of schooling completed by U.S. adults

7. College graduation rates for high and low income children

8. Race and income-based gaps in reading achievement in SAT-type units

9. Race and income-based gaps in reading achievement in SAT-type units

10. Math achievement for low and high income children

11. Math achievement for low and high income children

12. Income inequality and children’s attainment: Are there ANY causal linkages?

13. Maybe not: E.g., many more single-parent families now than before, especially for high school dropout and graduate parents

15. Family income story

16. Enrichment expenditures on high and low income children

17. Income effects on achievement

18. Family income story

19. Income effects on stress

20. Effects of EITC expansion on children’s test scores and mothers’ health

21. School story

22. School story

23. Residential isolation of low- and high-income urban households

24. Ratio of average family income in high and low-income schools

25. Peers with problems in low and high income elementary schools

26. Peer effects

27. Intergenerational story

28. Men’s intergenerational mobility

29. Upward mobility in the earnings of sons in the United States and other countries

30. Future national prosperity story

31. Years of schooling completed by U.S. adults

32. Falling behind

33. Policy thoughts

35. Extra and duplicate slides

36. Growth and decline in selected occupations

37. Changes in the earnings of high school and college graduates

38. Children in single-mother homes

39. Figure 3.1: Residential isolation of low- and high-income urban households

40. Peer composition of students in low and high income schools

41. Skill and behavior gaps between low- and high-income kindergarteners and fifth graders