1. Engineering and Science

2. Purpose and Nature
Science is the search for knowledge and understanding
Technology is the application of knowledge to satisfy human needs
They are both creative problem solving methods!

3. Engineering is...
“… the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind." (ABET)
In the 1982 Annual Report of ABET (Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology),
the definition of engineering is given as:
"Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of mathematics and
natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of
nature for the benefit of mankind."
A very brief, concise definition of engineering design!

4. Processes Compared Why? Scientific Method Knowledge Engineering Design
Need
Thing
Specification

5. The Rest of Engineering

6. Engineers Drive Trains!
The distinctions among science and engineering and technology are often arbitrary
Engineering design, product testing, engineering analysis, scientific method are all creative, problem solving processes
However, schools teach Engineering using the scientific process with very little hands-on or applied learning activities
Students are often left wondering what Engineers really do

7. Engineering Design Process Description

8. Engineering Design Defined
The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need Harrisberger
“The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need.
The need may be to improve an existing situation or to eliminate a problem.
Or, the need may be to develop a use for a new discovery or concept. In any
case, it is what engineering is all about—using knowledge and know-how to
achieve a desired outcome. Designing is problem solving. It is creative
problem solving. A change has to be created. Something different will be
produced, and someone will have to decide what to do with the result.”
From: Lee Harrisberger, "Engineersmanship ... The Doing of Engineering Design," 2nd Ed,
Brooks/Cole Engineering Division, Monterey CA, 1982

9. The Engineering Design Process?
Customer Need
or Opportunity
Problem Definition/
Specifications
Data & Information
Collection
Development of
Alternative Designs
At the heart of engineering is the Engineering Design Process.
This is a step-by-step method with the objective of producing a device,
structure, or system that satisfies a need.
Evaluation of Designs/
Selection of Optimal Design 1.
These are two samples of the engineering design process seen in the literature. There are many ways to describe or depict engineering design processes, but despite the jargon, there are some basic steps common to all the descriptions….
Implementation of
Optimal Design
Opportunity identified by company
little pieces of paper which could stick onto almost anything
but could be removed easily without leaving any trace
Source: Accrediting Board For Engineering and Technology 2.
Need generally described by a set of specifications (specs)
performance specifications (e.g. Weight, size, speed,
safety, reliability)
economic specifications (e.g. Cost, profit)
scheduling specifications (e.g. Production & delivery
dates

10. Source: http://www.sciserv.org/isef/document/index
Engineering Design
Define a need
Develop design criteria
Search literature to see what has been done
Prepare preliminary designs
Build and test a prototype
Redesign and retest as necessary
Scientists try to understand how nature works; engineers create things that never were. An engineering project should state the engineering goals, the development process and the evaluation of improvements. Engineering projects may include the following steps:
1) Define a need.
2) Develop design criteria.
3) Search literature to see what has already been done.
4) Prepare preliminary designs.
5) Build and test a prototype.
6) Retest and redesign as necessary.
Some differentiate between pure design and science fair design. Main difference is science fairs want an prototype and product testing. This is categorized under optimize design and convey specifications in the “Official s\definition”
Source:

11. Dissecting the Engineering Design Process

12. Need Have a need, have a customer
External vs internal; Implied vs explicit
Often stated as functional requirement
Often stated as bigger, cheaper, faster, lighter
Boilerplate purpose: The design and construction of a (better____something)_____ for (kids, manufacturing, medicine) to do __________.
Other titles that reveal the problem and solution
See resources

13. Criteria & Constraints
“Design criteria are requirements you specify for your design that will be used to make decisions about how to build the product”
Aesthetics
Geometry
Physical Features
Performance
Inputs-Outputs
Use Environment
Usability
Reliability
Science buddies

14. Some Design Constraints
Cost
Time
Knowledge
Legal, ethical
Physical: size, weight, power, durability
Natural, topography, climate, resources
Company practices
From battle bots the five constraints are cost, time, knowledge, power, weight
Thses are my constraints
Cost is always. Cost to design, produce, maintain, support, guarantee, be competitive
Time usually always an engineering constraint. Complex project schedules, delivery dates, down-stream process, time to market
Knowledge often a problem cannot be solved without discovery or new invention. Strength to weight ratios, E.g. turbine disks
Legal ethical, patents, intellectual property, product liability, safety requirements. All cars must have air bag
Physical. Driven by tradeoffs, other constraints, customer expectations, interfaces. Normally more weight requires more power, but more strength does not necessarily mean more weight. It may cost more, though. Aluminum, steel, titanium, graphite composites
Natural. 1 constraint is building is the obstacle. How far to span drives bridge configuration. Temperature extremes very important too
Company May have to use common parts, manufacturing processes
There are others all these may not apply, but the design team needs to be aware of all

15. Evaluate Alternatives
Needs best stated as function, not form
Likely to find good alternatives for cheapest, fastest, lightest, and encourage discovery
Research should reveal what has been done
Improve on what has been done
Play alternatives off criteria and constraints
Brainstorming helps

16. Simulation
Using a simulation to do science experiment, engineering analysis, select alternatives,
example, the effect of altitude on lift. Ho the higers the altitude, the less the lift for a constanmt angle of attack andat ab altitude of 1000’
Design toolExampl, how dig should my wing be to lift 20,000ild
analysis. Whats the maxiumum lift I can get fro various shapes, camber
testing. What race car has the least drag?

17. A quality design meets customers expectations!
Best Design
Choose best design that meets criteria
Demonstrate tradeoff analyses (among criteria and constraints) is high quality
Cost (lifecycle) is always consideration
Resist overbuilding; drives complexity, cost, time, resources
A quality design meets customers expectations!

18. Prototype Prototype is implementation of chosen design alternative
It is a proof of design, production and suitability
Prototypes are often cost prohibitive: Models and simulations may suffice
Quality design does not include redesigning a lot of prototypes
Prototype 1. An original model upon which something is patterned (Webster)
2. A standard or typical example. 3. A first full scale and usually functional
form of a new type or design
By definition represents the chosen alternative
Expected in a science project.
Expense may limit full-scale; often prototype components

19. Prototype picture of 747 Prototype
Prototype 1. An original model upon which something is patterned (Webster)
2. A standard or typical example. 3. A first full scale and usually functional
form of a new type or design
By definition represents the chosen alternative
Expected in a science project.
Expense may limit full-scale; often prototype components

20. Test it Well
Test and optimize design against constraints and customer expectations.
Create a test plan showing how to test
Test in the conditions of use
Good test plan shows what test, expected results how to test, and what analyses will be. It relates to specification requirements
Be reasonable: e.g. live-fire testing C-17 aircraft worth $300M ( analogy and analysis worked)

21. Test and Redesign
Example of bridge building tools, design and test tool, from West Point curriculum, file folder bridges

22. Test Results
Successful Test: Satisfying
Test Failure: Priceless

23. Project book Project data book A complete record All key decisions
Good drawings
Test plans
Results
Conclusions
Things learned

24. Draw a Good Picture
Drawings for project notebook, application, display
Photos, sketches, CAD 2-D or 3-D
Show assembly, components, materials
Nost improtant aspect of patent
types of designs
isometric
projection
cad tols
photograph
schemastic
flow chart
process chart
Picture of satellite

25. Product Sketches

26. Other Drawings Circuit design Functional diagrams Configuration
Connections
Flow Charts

27. Model Abstract Engineering goal ~ purpose ~ need
Design and construction of gum-repelling shoe
Design and evaluation criteria
Procedures and equipment
Alternatives, solution, prototype features
Test plan ~ test results
Conclusions
Met need? Why not? Changes? Knowledge?
ABSTRACT
After finishing research and experimentation, you need to write a (maximum) 250-word, one-page abstract. An abstract should include the (a) purpose of the experiment, (b) procedures used, © data, and (d) conclusions. It also may include any possible research applications. Only minimal reference to previous work may be included. The abstract must focus on work done since the last fair and should not include: a) acknowledgments, or b) work or procedures done by the mentor. See below for an example of an appropriately written abstract. See page 27 of the International Rules for the proper formatting of an Official Intel ISEF Abstract and Certification.

28. Summary

29. Processes Compared Hypothesis Experiment Conclude Need
Criteria, constraints
Alternatives
Build prototype
Test, modify, retest
Specification
Key differences. Why, cause-effect, hypothesis predict, experiment, conclusion knowledge
Key similarities need, criteria and constraints, alternatives, delect, build. Test, redesn (TAAF), document thing
“The crux of the design process is creating a satisfactory solution to a need”

30. Design Features Meets a need, has a “customer”
Design criteria and constraints
Evaluate alternatives (systems or components)
Build prototype (figuratively)
Test/evaluate against test plans (criteria)
Analyze, “tweak” (), redesign (), retest
Project book: record, analyses, decisions, specifications

31. Summary: A Superior Project
A clear and relevant need from customer
Research what’s been done before: don’t make theories out of facts
Enough criteria to develop alternative designs and perform design trades
Prototype built after best design chosen
Test prototype as it will be used
Comprehensive project book, good specs

32. Avoid These Pitfalls No need, no end product Analysis as a product
Turning facts into questions with hypotheses
Reverse engineering the process
Ah ha!, gadgetry, kits
Demonstrations, product testing
Testing without asking the user
No analysis of prototype test results

33. Key Terms Define in context and summarize here.. Prototype Model
Simulation
Hypothesis
Design criteria
Design constraints
Prototype 1. An original model upon which something is patterned (Webster)
2. A standard or typical example. 3. A first full scale and usually functional
form of a new type or design
Hypothesis: educated guess about about what will happen, prediction on outcome
in measurable terms. Statistical hypotheses often state the null. Often if-then
cause and effect, usually one at a time.

34. Activity: Design Criteria What should I test about a light bulb?
Production assembly-time-demonstration
Robustness-vibration, temperature-test article
Life-hours-statistical sample
Duty cycle-count on/off-prototype
Class interaction. Putg up a transparency with the light bulb, with no test parameters showing.
Pose question what should I test about a light build?
What parameter (design criteria), what to measure, and how to conduct it. Test, analysis, evaluation, demonstration
Write on acetate that has picture of light bulb.
Compare this chart with student answers
Alternative, have students in small teams define test requirements for familiar things (MP3 Player, Cell phone, clothing) and report out to class
Brightness-lumens-measure
Packaging-drop test-do last
Base fit-yes/no-first article demo

35. Activity Teams define test requirements for a familiar thing such as MP3 Player, Cell phone, or clothing and report out to class
Class interaction. Putg up a transparency with the light bulb, with no test parameters showing.
Pose question what should I test about a light build?
What parameter (design criteria), what to measure, and how to conduct it. Test, analysis, evaluation, demonstration
Write on acetate that has picture of light bulb.
Compare this chart with student answers
Alternative, have students in small teams define test requirements for familiar things (MP3 Player, Cell phone, clothing) and report out to class

36. About the Scientific Method
This is

37. Scientific Method(s) Be curious Research Hypothesis Experiment, data
Reach Conclusions
Prepare report and exhibit
Observe
Do research
Formulate hypothesis
Design experiment
Stop. Do application
Conduct experiments
Evaluate, conclusions
Prep paper & exhibit
Prepare abstract
Good scientists, both young and old, use a process to study what they see in the world. The following six stages listed below will help you produce a good scientific experiment:
1) Be curious, choose a limited subject, ask a question; identify or originate/define a problem.*
2) Review published materials related to your problem or question.
3) Evaluate possible solutions and guess why you think it will happen (hypothesis).
4) Challenge and test your hypothesis through experimentation (data collection) and analysis.
5) Evaluate the results of your experiment and reach conclusions based on your data.
6) Prepare your report and exhibit.
Source:
Source: SCVSEFA Handbook

38. Hypothesis To help answer “Why”? An educated guess
Prediction of outcome
That which can be measured and tested
Cause and effect
Example: if x is true, then y will happen
Hypothesis: If x is true, then y will happen, not I think y will happen (scvsefa)
Note: Newton made no hypothesis about the gravitational constant
To help answer “Why”?