1. The work due in for today is:
FLIP LEARNING
TASK:
Create your own timeline of the religious changes to take place under Henry’s reign from Also tried to add in pictures for some of your points too.
YOUR COMPLETED REVISION GRIDS WITH EVERYTHING WE HAVE DONE TO DATE ARE EXPECTED FIRST LESSON AFTER EASTER
The work due in for today is:

2. Why was foreign policy so unsuccessful in the years 1514-1529?
Good learning:
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time.
Great learning:
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better:
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years
Key Words:
How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured?

3. What was England’s position in 1514 and what informed policy making?
By the end of 1514 Henry VIII had had some success with his foreign policy, having beaten Scotland and also gained him some land in France. Whilst this had brought him popularity at home and respect from abroad, it had caused him to run out of money and therefore unable to continue this warlike foreign policy.
This had a number of consequences:
He was unable to exploit the weaknesses of Scotland following the defeat of Flodden and the death of James IV.
He sought peace with France, the settlement being reinforced by the marriage of his younger sister Mary (not his daughter!) to the French King, Louis XII
Any attempts to have an effective role in European affairs had to be done with limited resources.
On top of this there were some key things to remember about policy making at this time, such as:
England was still a small power and there for could not really compete with the like of France and Spain.
Henry significantly overestimated England’s power. Wolsey then had to frame foreign policy based on false assumption.
The alliance between France and Scotland remained strong. Therefore, when England was on amicable terms with France, there were relatively few problems with Scotland.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years

4. What was the position of other European countries?
Task:
On the A3 map you have been given, use the information on pages 54 and 55 and the map on page 55, I would like you to add:
who the new monarchs were (including Henry VIII)
who they had replaced
when they come to the throne.
You should also shade in how much land they are in control of.
Also add any information using the diagram opposite.
Before Wolsey could come up with a way forward with foreign policy, the balance of powers had shifted. Many of the young, new monarchs who took the throne were also competing to be centre of attention.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years
NOTE: Charles I is made king in 1516 and will also be elected Emperor in 1519 which will make him Charles V. This was because he was the grandson of Maximillian I and Ferdinand. You should shade in one colour the land he owns as King of Spain and in a different colour the land he owns as Emperor.

5. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE RULER NEW RULER
COUNTRY
RULER IN 1500
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE RULER
NEW RULER
ENGLAND
Henry VII
Died in 1509
Henry VIII
BURGUNDY
Philip
Died in 1506
Charles V (son of Phillip)
FRANCE
Louis XII
Died in 1515
Francis I
SPAIN
Ferdinand
Died in 1516
Charles V (grandson of Ferdinand)
HRE
Maximilian
Died in 1519
Charles V (grandson of Maximilian)
Ottoman Empire
Empire in Eastern Europe. Spreading westwards. Muslim and keen to spread their religion.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years

6. So what should Henry and Wolsey do?
The Treaty of London 1518
Leo X became Pope in 1513 and had called for a general crusade to halt the spread of Ottoman power in eastern Europe.
Meanwhile, when Charles I (not Charles V yet!) first took the throne in 1516, he first decided to sought an alliance with France. The alliance went further in 1517 when Maximillian, the Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles’s grandfather) also joined under the Treaty of Cambrai. This left Britain isolated.
Other consequences of the treaty were:
Due to the aims of the Pope he made Wolsey papal Legate over England and in 1518 he was at the height of his power as he was also Henry’s chief minister.
There was a newfound friendship between England and France. England returned Tournai to France and the French was prepared to compensation for their loss. The French also agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland to keep the situation between England and Scotland amicable.
Task:
Read the paragraphs on page on the Treaty of London 1518 On your map you need to add:
What was it?
Who signed it? (this answer isn’t clear but try to work it out based on what you have learnt so far)
What were some of the consequences to it?
With their new found confidence, the French used it as an opportunity to undermine Anglo-Sottish relations. This was because the Duke of Albany, the first in line to the Scottish throne at this time, was also a member of the French nobility. Despite, the threat being minimal because of the divisions within the Scottish nobility (and Henry didn’t do anything to exploit the weaknesses), Henry was still alarmed by the situation.
Who was involved: England, France, Spain, Holy Roman Empire and numerous smaller states.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years
So what should
Henry and Wolsey do?

7. So what did Henry do next?
Charles I becomes Charles V!
In 1519 Charles I was officially elected as Holy Roman Emperor, thus he became Charles V and now had complete dominance over Europe. This made the Treaty of London’s call for ‘universal peace’ a little shaky.
Task:
Read the second paragraph on page 56 (it starts with ‘In 1519…’) and in the box on your sheet explain what the consequences of Charles I becoming emperor. Use and refer to your map too.
CHALLENGE: What impact would this have on England?
So what did Henry do next?
Task:
Read the information you will be given on the next slides and decide what you would do next if you was Henry.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years

8. You are Henry… 30 POINTS 10 POINTS 20 POINTS OPTION A OPTION B
1519 – The French are concerned about the increased power and land that Charles now has as Emperor and this is making the Treaty look shaky. What would you do?
OPTION A
Try to build on your relationship with Charles and let your relationship go with France
OPTION B
Try to reinforce your relationship with France
OPTION C
Nothing…let France and Spain fight it out and see who wins
What did Henry do?
In June 1520 the French-Anglo relationship was reinforced by an extravagant meeting called the Field of the Cloth of Gold. This meeting took place over 2 weeks between Henry and Francis in France (near Calais). It was extravagant and cost Henry’s royal treasury about £15,000.
30 POINTS
10 POINTS
20 POINTS

9. He believed he might get more territory within France.
You are Henry…
1521 – Despite your attempts the conflict between Charles and Francis have continued to rise. You ask Wolsey to look in to the different options, but what should you do?
In August 1521 Wolsey negotiated the Treaty of Bruges with Charles. This was so that:
What did Henry do?
He could build his relationship with the Pope, who was anxious to reduce French control.
He believed he might get more territory within France.
There could be a marriage alliance between the emperor and Henry’s younger daughter, Princess Mary.
OPTION A
Continue to work with them both and try to keep the peace…this has worked in the short term before
OPTION B
Just work with Francis and go against Spain as they seem to be more open to an alliance
OPTION C
Turn to Spain as they are more powerful and there is more of a chance of you getting some success.
10 POINTS
20 POINTS
30 POINTS

10. You are Henry… 10 POINTS 30 POINTS 20 POINTS OPTION A OPTION B
In 1522 and 1523 you send your armies into northern France, but the campaigns gained little and prove to be costly with Parliament reluctant to give more money. However, in 1525 Charles defeats the French at the Battle of Pavia in which Francis I is captured. What do you do?
Charles declined Henry’s request for a joint attack and there was also a lack of public support for it (there was resistance over the increase in taxation to pay for it). This had 3 consequences:
What did Henry do?
Henry’s ego was bruised and was obliged to back down.
His resentment towards the Emperor was reinforced when he backed out of the marriage alliance to Mary.
Wolsey’s prestige never really recovered after this.
OPTION A
Admit defeat and look to reconcile with France.
OPTION B
Suggest to Charles that the launch a joint invasion of northern France to achieve territorial gains.
OPTION C
Wait to see if Charles will offer anything for your efforts…you did help side track France after all!
10 POINTS
30 POINTS
20 POINTS

11. You are Henry… 10 POINTS 30 POINTS 20 POINTS OPTION A OPTION B
Now that your relationship with Charles is tarnished and you have no money to take the French throne yourself, what is your next move?
Henry and Wolsey once more moved in the direction of a pro-French foreign policy. This became evident when Henry supported the League of Cognac (put together by the Pope in order to counterbalance the excessive power of Charles in Northern Italy following his success at Pavia).
What did Henry do?
OPTION A
Look towards the France again in an alliance against Charles
OPTION B
Cry in a corner and hope everything will sort itself out!
OPTION C
Try to rebuild your relationship with Charles…he is the most powerful after all!
10 POINTS
30 POINTS
20 POINTS

12. Fight against Charles and hope that you will be successful.
You are Henry…
You also have a new problem in that you would also like to seek a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. However, he is Catherine’s nephew and things aren’t going to well with him. What do you decide to do?
What did Henry do?
Whilst there was some attempt at negotiating peace, this wasn’t to be successful as Charles now had control of most of the Italian peninsula, leaving the Pope a virtual prisoner. Since, Henry required the Pope’s approval for the divorce, Wolsey had to take a more direct stance against Charles. England’s weak position forced them to make a treaty against Charles and the HRE called the Treaty of Amiens.
OPTION A
Send Wolsey to try and smooth things over between Francis and Charles, so that Henry could be on better terms with him.
OPTION B
Fight against Charles and hope that you will be successful.
OPTION C
Take a stronger stance against Charles as he virtually had the Pope as a prisoner and you need the Pope on side more!
10 POINTS
20 POINTS
30 POINTS

13. You are Henry… 30 POINTS 10 POINTS 20 POINTS OPTION A OPTION B
Despite your alliance, Charles is not phased by this. Wolsey tries to enforce a trade embargo, but Charles retaliation causes widespread unemployment and social problems in England. What should you do?
Wolsey had no option but to back down. Charles’ strength had been shown even more by his defeat of the French at the Battle of Landriano in 1529 and his dominance over the Pope was shown by the Peace of Cambrai also in 1529 (required the French to give up their ambitions in Italy and reinforced the papacy’s dependence on the Emperor. He also made his commitment to family honour clear)! This ensured any attempts to solve his marital issue by diplomatic means were doomed to failure.
What did Henry do?
OPTION A
Try to get more money to fight another war against him.
OPTION B
Back down and accept that Charles has won
OPTION C
Try to negotiate with Charles and hope that you can come to an arrangement
30 POINTS
10 POINTS
20 POINTS

14. Why was Wolsey unable to be successful with foreign policy?
In 1529 and with little chance of sorting things out with Charles and now the Pope, Henry needed someone to blame for his failure. This ultimately resulted in his fall from power in 1529.
In foreign affairs, where Henry was most continuously and most personally active, he followed the devices and desires of his own heart. Before 1527 his object was to establish his credentials as a monarch of European standing. From 1527 policy became dominated by the ‘King’s Great Matter’ and the need to protect the action he had taken. In the 1540s, the revival of Henry’s personal obsession with winning territory in France led him to mishandle opportunities.
Adapted from Eric W. Ives, ‘Henry VIII’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
Task:
Make a mind of all the different factors that stopped foreign policy being successful in this period.
Number them in order of importance and explain why you have chosen your top choice.
Last lesson we looked at this extract. Look at the comment in red and decide whether it is convincing or unconvincing based on the work we have done this lesson and write a PEEL paragraph to explain your answer.
Good learning
Understand England position within Europe and the position of other powers at this time
Great learning
Explain the relationship between England and different European countries during this period.
Even better
Evaluate the main reasons why foreign policy was unsuccessful in these years

15. The work due in for next lesson is as follows:
FLIP LEARNING
TASK:
Complete the activity in the yellow box on page 57 of the old textbook. You will need to look at the 3 interpretations and say which one you agree with and why with regards to Wolsey’s aim in foreign policy.
You also need to ensure that your Tudor and America revision grids are up to date and completed for the first lesson back after Easter.
The work due in for next lesson is as follows: