1. MLA FORMATTING ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Standard One Inch Margins
First Page ONLY – Upper Left Hand Corner: Your Name, Your Professor’s Name, the Course & Section Number, and the Date (Do not use the Insert Header Function in your Word Processing Program, i.e. Microsoft Word)
Every Page – Upper Right Hand Corner: Your Last Name and the Page Number (Use the Insert Page Number Function in your Word Processing Program)
Title Centered
Double-Spaced
12 Point Font, Times New Roman

2. When to Use a Direct Quote
You should only choose to use a direct quote if the passage
Has Memorable Language
“The road to Hell is paved with unbought stuffed dogs” (Hemingway 23). Summarizing this would loose the silliness of the passage.
Has Clear and Concise Language
“More than 3 million people, including 58,000 Americans were killed” (“Vietnam War”). There was no better way to say it.
Authoritative Language
“KJ Wright batted the football, that is a foul for an illegal bat” (Blandino). He’s the head of officiating for the NFL.

3. DROPPED QUOTES:No. Just No.
Example of a Dropped Quote
Example of an Integrated Quote
Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, and had three siblings. “Hemingway was an abusive drunk.” He eventually moved to Kansas City and worked as a cub reporter. Hemingway then moved to Toronto and then onto Europe, where he met up with his literary counterparts. This is where his excessive drinking habits and violent behavior took form. Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54). By this, he suggests that Hemingway used alcohol not only to incite his bitter rage, but also as a conflagrant to burn the bridges between himself and his mentors. This supports the stance that Hemingway did all he could to break the ties with those who taught him the craft.

4. Integrating Direct Quotes
Introduce
Establish the Credibility of the Source Material
Explain
Reiterate the Quoted Material for Clarity: “By this…” or “In other words…”
Integrate
Show the Relevance of the Source Material to Your Thesis/Stance/Claim

5. Signal Verbs
One of the best methods is to establish the authority and use a signal word:
Keeler confirms that “dropping quotes will lead to failure.”
Here is a list (you are not limited to them)
Acknowledges
endorses
Admits
implies
Argues
Asserts
Claims
Comments
Compares
Concedes
Confirms
Contends
Declares
Denies
Describes
Disputes
Refutes
Rejects
Suggests
illustrates

6. Signal Phrases
Look to your right. There are phrases on the wall that can help you integrate your quote.

7. Sometimes You Can Trim
Sometimes you can trim the quotation. If it flows naturally in the sentence:
Keeler decries not properly integrating quotes and insists the action “will lead to failure” (43).

8. A Quote within a Quote
Sometimes you will quote dialogue. Handle it like below:
“ ‘I hate cauliflower,’ shouted Asa, ‘it tastes like puke’” (Keeler 43).

9. How to Punctuate None if you use that (or if it flows)
Keeler confirms that “dropping quotes will lead to failure” (43)
See previous slide
A Comma if it follows the signal verb.
Keeler confirms, “dropping quotes will lead to failure” (43)
A Colon if it follows and independent clause.
Keeler confirmed the fears of her students: “dropping quotes will lead to failure” (43).

10. BLOCK QUOTES B D C E Must be FIVE lines or more
Lead into a Block Quotes with a colon, not a comma
Indent the Block Quote in its entirety
Do not use Quotation Marks
The Period comes before the Parenthetical Citation
No more than ONE Block Quote per three pages

11. How to Punctuate (cont)
You may also choose to break a longer quotation into two sections:
“Using block quotations,” bemoaned Keeler, “will lead to failure” (43).
Sometimes you will use ellipses—especially if you want to quote something long
In his essay “A Hanging,” Orwell laments the “unspeakable wrongness” of taking the life of another human. As the prisoner is marched to the gallows, Orwell reports, “All the organs of his body were working all toiling away in solemn foolery” (47).
In his essay “A Hanging,” Orwell laments the “unspeakable wrongness” of taking the life of another human. As the prisoner is marched to the gallows, Orwell reports, “His eyes saw the yellow gravel and the grey walls, and his brain still remembered, foresaw, reasoned ” (47).

12. STANDARD QUOTES Standard quotes are four lines or less
You should not have more than 3-4 standard quotes on a single page.
EXAMPLE:
Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54).

13. Parenthetical Citations with Standard Quotes
Dr. Fenstermaker, a renowned Hemingway expert and tenured professor at Harvard University, said, “Hemingway was an abusive drunk” (Smith 54).
End Quote
Parenthetical Citation
Period 1.
2. 3.

14. Parenthetical Citations
(Banks 121)
Banks is a quick reference to the works cited page.
121 is the page that the quoted material is found in Banks’ work.
***In order to know what to put in a parenthetical, it is always the first part of a works cited entry:
Banks, Miranda. “Teen Themes.” Television Saturation. Ed. Joseph McCullin. Boston: Pearson, Print.

15. Parenthetical Citations
(Banks, par. 12) Sometimes sources provide paragraph numbers and not page numbers. In this case, you will use the above parenthetical. (Banks) Sometimes sources do not provide page or paragraph numbers, which usually indicates an inadequate source. Nevertheless, the parenthetical will look like this one and n. pag. will be found in the works cited entry.

16. Parenthetical Citations
(“The End is Near” 48-51)
Sometimes sources do not provide an author, which can usually be a sign of a bad source. Nevertheless, the parenthetical still follows the same rule.
***In order to know what to put in a parenthetical, it is always the first part of a works cited entry:
“The End is Near.” Propagandist Weekly. Ed. Brenda Johnson. New York: Holt Publishing, Print.

17. In-Text Citations with Standard Quotes
Alex Wright, director or User Experience and Product Research at The New York Times, said, “[O]ral tradition means more than just talking” (357). When the author of the quote is the same as the author of the article/book from which the quote is found, you do not need to include the last name of the author inside of the parenthetical; all you need is the page number where the quote was found.

18. Ellipses & Brackets
Ellipses are used to show information has been removed or omitted from a quote, refer to previous slide
(Example found on Block Quote slide)
Brackets clarify pronoun and noun usage and/or can correct verb tense issues. Page 334 in the Little, Brown.
Original:
“He is considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824).
Clarified with Brackets:
“[Freud] is considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824).
“He [was] considered the forefather of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824).

19. Brackets
“He is considered the forefathr [sic] of modern thought and the theory of naturalism” (Jones 824).
***As you can see the word “forefathr” is misspelled. When this occurs in the work that you want to quote, you cannot fix it for the original author. However, you also do not want the professor to think that you made the spelling error. In this instance, you will input [sic] after the error to indicate the mistake was published/printed in this manner.

20. Special Punctuation
If the author uses a piece of punctuation such as a question mark or comma, include it but maintain your external punctuation as well.
“How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe ?” wonders the doctor in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (42).
Dorothea Brooke responds to her sister, “What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” (7).
Your special punctuation remains external.
What dramatic events followed his attack on “taxation without representation” (32)!

21. TITLES
The titles of Longer Works (Books, Films, Albums, Collections, Anthologies, Sitcoms…) need to be ITALICIZED
Catcher and the Rye
The titles of Shorter Works (Poem, Song, Short Stories, Articles, Journals, Episodes…) need to be in “QUOTES”
“The Story of an Hour”
Capitalize all words in a title except for Prepositions, Articles and Conjunctions, unless the title starts or ends in these types of words.

22. Works Cited Alphabetized by Last Name (No Numbers or Bullets)
2. Hanging Indention
(The only full line of text should be the first line of each source; each additional line of a source is indented)
3. Works Cited should head the page
(No Bold, Underline or Quotation Marks, just plain old 12 point Font, Times New Roman)
4. Double-Spaced

23. General Rules
Books, Magazines, Journals, Anthologies, and Plays are underlined
The Great Gatsby, Things Fall Apart, Elements of Literature: Fifth Course, The Crucible
Titles & Subtitles Separated by Colon
Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic
Poems, Article Titles, Short Stories, Chapters, Essays, etc have quotation marks
“The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,” “The Most Dangerous Game, ”

24. Author Rules One author Two authors Three Authors More than 3 authors
Last Name, First Name.
Goldman, Saul.
Two authors
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name
Smith, Jerico and Emily Stuart.
Three Authors
Jones, Sarah, Caleb Jackson, and Jasmine Jones.
More than 3 authors
Jones, Sarah et al.

25. No Author?
If you have editors, use them in place of the author, but place eds. after the name(s)
Rosewater, Elliot and Solomon Martin eds.
If it is corporate, place the name of the corporation as the writer.
The Treasury Department.
If there is no author or editor or corp., use the title of the article or piece
“Heads, Shoulders, Knees, and Toes.”

26. Page Numbers Page Numbers are Written Simply
212.
More than one page or consecutive pages are expressed with the fewest digits possible.
(This expresses 212 up until 225)
(This is just 212 and 213)
If multiple single pages are used
212, 225, 236.

27. Citing Print Books
Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book You Are Citing. City: Publisher, Year. Ex: Bechdel, Alison. Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, Jones, Carole and Reginald Reynolds. This Book Is Bad. Boston: Choice P, 2010.

28. Citing Works in an Anthology or Collection
Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Anthology or Book. Ed. Editor’s First Name Editor’s Last Name. City: Publisher, Year. Page Numbers. ***List all editors first name and last name

29. Citing Works in an Anthology or Collection
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence. “We Wear the Mask.” Living Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. John C Brereton. New York: Pearson Education,

30. Article in Magazine or Journal
Author Last, Author First. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine or Journal. Day Month Year: Page Numbers. Frizell, Sam. “The Gospel of Bernie.” Time. 28 Sept 2015: Klein, Ferrel. “Divorcing Mom.” Teen Magazine. May 2005: 26.

31. Scholarly Journal
Last Name, First Name Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal. Volume or Issue (Year): pages. Glasser, Gary. “The Neuroscience of Poetry.” Journal of Literature (2015):