1. Pre Columbian Societies Western Hemisphere before 1492
PERIOD 1
Pre Columbian Societies
Western Hemisphere before 1492

2. Settlement of the W. Hemisphere
What the books say
People arrive anywhere from 60,000 BCE to 14,000 BCE
Reach tip of South America by 11,000 BCE
Struggle to determine this with precision
Recent Study
Three migrations (1st is most significant)

3. Settlement (cont)

4. Paleo-Indians Clovis: Folsom: Plano:
Classification of earliest peoples
Folsom:
After Clovis
Smaller Tools
Plano:
During Folsom
Great Plains
Different Tools

5. Central and South America
Mayan Civilization
Complex society
Intellectual
Inquisition
Declined in
*Corn*

6. Central and South America
Aztec Civilization
Rose a few centuries after Mayan decline
Incredibly powerful
Cities as large as the largest in Europe
*Corn*

7. Central and South America
Inca Civilzation
Based in Peru
Extensive civilization in South America
Inca culture is still prevalent today
*Potatoes*

8. Southwestern Peoples

9. Southwestern Peoples Mogollon CE 150-1450 Subterranean housing
Small settlements
Mogollon – Stored food in pits. Built cooking fires in their homes. Agriculture based but also hunted large game in some areas. Sometimes buried people in their homes and then continued to live above. Central gathering places were called Kivas. Interested in community survival; planted and worked together to survive.
Hohokam

10. Southwestern Peoples Hohokam Mexico and Southern Arizona
Only North American native culture to rely on irrigation
Large settlements
Social centers in settlements
Extensive and complex trading
ce, population diminishes drastically
Earlier ancestors began setttling Southern AZ as early as 2000bce. With a canal 15 feet deep and 45 feet wide, able to irrigate 110,000 acres around 1300bce.
Agriculture based, but everyone had a job in the community. High infant mortality rate.
Villages specialized in different goods. Traded down into Mexico and west into CA

11. Hohokam

12. Southwestern Peoples (cont)
Anasazi
Ancient Puebloan
Four Corners area
Settled Mesa Verde, CO during Roman Empire

13. Anasazi

14. Northwest Settlements
Permanent settlements
Rich diet based on…
Totem Poles

15. Great Plains Nomadic Sedentary Hunters Farmers Teepees
Permanent houses
Buffalo
Corn, beans, squash
Traders

16. Moundbuilders Central North America Mounds built before pyramids
Adena - Hopewell
Mississippian
Mounds built before pyramids
Vanished around 1600

17. Moundbuilders (cont)

18. Northeastern Settlements
Descended from the Adena-Hopewell
Farming forced constant movement
Known best for the Iroquois Confederacy
Familial living

19. Atlantic Seaboard New Jersey south to Florida Farmed and fished
Some of the first people to interact with Europeans

20. The World is Divided
1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas issued by Pope Alexander VI (yes, the Borgia!)
Created an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean

21. The World is Divided
Spain – Essentially gets all of the Western Hemisphere.
Portugal – Access to Africa, Asia, and what is Brazil today.

22. Spanish Exploration October 12, 1492 – Columbus “finds” Bahamas.
Columbian Exchange takes hold
Up to 90% of the Native population in central America dies due to disease

23. Spanish Exploration (cont)
Conquistadores – Spanish explorers who mapped the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and parts of North America.
Encomienda System - Spain “gave” Native Americans to settlers in order to Christianize them.
Balboa – discovered the Pacific Ocean
Magellan – Sailed around the tip of South America
Ponce de Leon – Explored Florida

24. Spanish Exploration (cont)
Pope’s Rebellion (1680) – Pueblo rebels destroyed everything Catholic and built kivas.
As other European nations begin exploration of the Americas, we find that the Spanish (while cruel and full of fault) were true empire builders.

25. Western Hemisphere