1. The Era of Realism and Naturalism
Han gisu
Kim yuchan
Kim junu

2. 1. America at the turn of the century
From the late 19th to the early 20th centuries,
the United States experienced enormous industrial, economic,
social and cultural change.
A continuous wave of European immigration and the rising
potential for international trade brought increasing growth and
prosperity to America. Through art and artistic expression,
American Realism attempted to portray the exhaustion and cultural
exuberance of the figurative American landscape and
the life of ordinary Americans at home.
Writers and authors told a new story about Americans;
boys and girls real Americans could have grown up with.
Pulling away from fantasy and focusing on the now,
American Realism presented a new gateway and a breakthrough
introducing modernism, and what it means to be in the present.

3. 2. What is realism? Literary realism most often refers to the trend,
beginning with certain works of 19C French literature
and extending to late 19C and early 20C authors
in various countries, towards depictions of contemporary
life and society as they were.
In the spirit of general realism,
Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and
banal activities and experiences,
instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.

4. 3. William Dean Howells William Dean Howells (1837-1920),
wrote fiction and essays in the realist mode.
His ideas about realism in literature
developed in parallel with his socialist attitudes.
In his role as editor of the Atlantic Monthly and
Harper’s Magazine, and as the author of books
such as A Modern Instance and
The Rise of Silas Lapham,
Howells exerted a strong opinion and
was influential in establishing his theories.

5. 3.1 Harper’s Monthly Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is
a monthly, general-interest magazine of
literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts.
Harper's Magazine was launched as Harper's
New Monthly Magazine in June 1850,
by the New York City publisher Harper &Brothers
The early issues reprinted material already
published in England, but the magazine soon
was publishing the work of American artists and
writers.
It is the second-oldest, continuously-published
monthly magazine in the U.S.
The current editor is Roger Hodge

6. 3.2 Howells’ Works A modern Instance The Rise of Silas Lapham
The novel explores the deterioration of what could have been
an otherwise healthy marriage through industrial enterprise
and capitalistic greed.
The theme of this novel is about divorce, which shocked the public.
The author blames society for their troubles.
The Rise of Silas Lapham
a novel about the materialistic rise of Silas Lapham
from rags to riches, and his ensuing moral susceptibility.

7. A Hazard of New Fortunes
The book was well-received for its awareness of social injustice.
the work, considered by many to be his best work,
was one of three Howells had written
with Socialist and Utopian ideals in mind
The book is one of Howells' attempts
to introduce the American Civil War into novels,
rather than reconstruction novels,
which were prominent in post-war America,
While staying within the Realism style.

8. Howells began to write utopian novels about
an ideal society with perfect justice and happiness
<Book form in 1894> <1907 Utopian novel>

9. 4. UTOPIA A name for an ideal community or society,
that is taken from Of the Best State of a Republic,
and of the New Island Utopia, a book written in 1516
by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island
in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing
a seemingly perfect socio-politico-legal system.
The term has been used to describe
both intentional communities
that attempted to create an ideal society,
and fictional societies portrayed in literature.

10. 5. Edward Bellamy Looking Backward : 2000-1887 is a utopian novel
According to Erich Fromm,
Looking Backward is "one of the most remarkable
books ever published in America."
It influenced a large number of intellectuals,
and appears by title in many of the major Marxist
writings of the day.
It is one of the few books ever published that created
almost immediately on its appearance
a political mass movement. Several "Bellamy Clubs"
sprang up all over the United States
for discussing and propagating the book's ideas.
This political movement came to be known as Nationalism.
The novel also inspired several utopian communities.

11. 6. Naturalism
Naturalism is a literary movement that seeks to replicate
a believable everyday reality,
as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism.
Naturalism is the outgrowth of Realism, a prominent literary movement
in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere.
Naturalistic writers were influenced
by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin.
They believed that one's heredity and social environment determine
one's character.
Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter
Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including
poverty, racism, sex, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth.
As a result,
naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for being too blunt.

12. 7. Stephen Crane He began writing at the age of 4 and had published
several articles by the age of 16.
He left school in 1891 and began work as a reporter
and writer. He won international acclaim for
his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage,
which he wrote without any battle experience.
Maggie is "regarded as the first work of unalloyed
naturalism in American fiction.
A character is set into a world where there is no escape
from one's biological heredity. Additionally, the circumstances
in which a person finds oneself will dominate one's behavior,
depriving the individual of responsibility.
You can show in this novel the life human being take
determined by their environment.

13. The Red Badge of Courage is considered one of the most
influential works in American literature.
The novel, a depiction on the cruelty of the American Civil War,
features a young recruit who overcomes initial fears
to become a hero on the battlefield.
The book made Crane an international success.
Although he was born after the war and had not at the time
experienced battle firsthand,
the novel is considered an example of Realism.
The Red Badge of Courage was made into a film in 1951
If you want to see the part of the movie,
Click the poster

14. 8. Henry James Henry James was a realist, but not a naturalist.
He was not interest in society.
He was an observer of the mind and his realism was
a special kind of psychological realism.
He spent the last 40 years of his life in England and
became a British subject in 1915.
James is primarily known for a series of major novels
in which he portrays the encounter of Americans with
Europe and Europeans.
His plots center on personal relationships, the proper exercise of power in
such relationships, and other moral questions. His method of writing from
the point of view of a character within a tale allows him to explore
the phenomena of consciousness and perception

15. 8.1 Stream of consciousness
Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded
as a special form of interior monologue and
is characterized by associative leaps
in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose
difficult to follow, tracing a character's fragmentary
thoughts and sensory feelings.
In stream of consciousness, the speaker's thought
processes are more often depicted as overheard
in the mind (or addressed to oneself)
and is primarily a fictional device.

16. 8.2 James’ Writings
The novel is an uneasy combination of social comedy
and melodrama concerning the adventures and
misadventures of Christopher Newman, an essentially
good-hearted but rather gauche American
businessman on his first tour of Europe.
Like many of James' novels, it is set mostly in Europe,
notably England and Italy.
This novel reflects James's continuing interest in
the differences between the New World and the Old,
often to the detriment of the former.
It also treats in a profound way the themes of
personal freedom, responsibility, betrayal, and sexuality.

17. Thank you