1. Topic sßab½nTTYlbeBaØIr Depository Institutions FnaKarBaNiC¢ Commercial Bank I- niymn½y (Definition) ³ FnaKarBaNiC¢tMNa[Rkumh‘unénsßab½nbeBaØIr ehIymanmuxgarRbEhlnwgsßab½nsMéc nigshCIB\NTan rYmmanmUlniFiR)ak;beBaØIr nigminEmnR)ak;beBaØIr dUcCab½NÑbMeBj edImTun (Subordinate notes) nigskçIb½RtbMNul (Debenture) karpþl;km©ICaRTBü skmµ (Assets) rYmmankarpþl;km©IeTAeTAelI Consumers , Commercial & Real Estate .

2. II- tYnaTIrbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµ (The role of commercial banks) ³ FnaKarBaNiC¢ KWCaGnþrkarIhirBaØvtßúmYyd¾sMxan;CageK kñúgkarCYysMrYlnUvlMhUrmUl niFiRTBüskmµ . RTBüskmµRbmaNCitBak;kNþalénFnaKarhirBaØvtßúTaMgGs; RtUv )anbNþMúenAkñúgFnaKarBaNiC¢ . eRkABIesvahirBaØvtßú FnaKarBaNiC¢eFVIRbtibtþikar CYjdUrmUlb½Rt enAelITIpSarhirBaØvtßúkñúgnamxøÜnpÞal; b¤CaGnþrkarI . The role of commercial banks The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits from the public and advancing them loans . However, besides these functions there are many other functions which these banks perform . All these functions can be divided the following heads : 7 main functions of a Commercial bank

3. 1- Accepting Deposits. 2- Giving loans. 3- Over-Draft
1- Accepting Deposits 2- Giving loans 3- Over-Draft 4-Discounting of Bills of Exchange 5- Investment of Funds 6- Agency Functions 7- Miscellaneous Functions 1- Accepting Deposits The most importance function of commercial banks is to accept deposits from the public , Various sections of society , according to their need and economic condition , deposit their savings with the banks . For example , Fixed and low income group people deposit their savings in small amounts from the points of view of security , income and saving promotion . On the other hand, traders and businessmen deposit their savings in the banks for the convenience of payment.

4. Banks formulate various deposit schemes
Banks formulate various deposit schemes . Generally there are 3 types of deposits which are as follows : i- Current deposit ii- Fixed deposit iii- Saving deposit 2- Giving Loans : The second importance function of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers . Banks charge interest from the borrowers and this is the main source of their income . Modern banks give mostly secured loans for productive purpose . In other words , at the time of advancing loans , they demand proper security or collateral . Generally, the value Over-Draft (type of a loan) Bank loans to its customer’s up to certain amount through over-draft , if there are no deposits in the current account . For this bank demand a security from the customers and charge very high rate of interest.

5. 4- Discounting of bills of exchange : Under this system, banks advance loans to the traders and business firms by discounting their bills . In this way , businessmen get loans on the basis of their bill exchange before the time of their maturity. 5- Investment of Funds : The banks invest their surplus funds in securities market Agency Functions : Banks function in the form of agencies and representatives of their customers . The importance functions of these types are as follows. i- Banks collect cheques ii- Banks pay insurance premium of their customer . iii- Banks purchase and sell securities. iv- Banks arrange to send money from one place to another for the convenience of their customers. 7- Miscellaneous Functions : Beside the function mentions above , banks perform many other functions which are as follows :

6. i-. Banks make arrangement of locker for the safe custody
i- Banks make arrangement of locker for the safe custody of valuable assets of their customer such as gold, silver, legal documents etc. ii- Banks give reference for their customers iii- Banks collect necessary and useful statistics relating to trade and industry. iv- For facilitating foreign trade , banks undertake to sell and purchase foreign exchange . v- Banks advise their clients relating to investment decisions as specialist . vi- Banks issue letters of credit vii- during natural calamities , banks are highly useful in mobilizing funds and donations . Custody = Protection , Safe keeping calamities = disaster

7. III- RbPBmUlniFi nigkareRbIR)as;mUlniFirbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢ Sources and uses of funds of commercial bank A- Bank’s own funds B- Borrowed fund A- Bank’s own funds Bank own fund are mainly of three types : (a) Paid up capital (b) Reserve fund (c ) Portion of undistributed of profit B- Borrowed fund The borrowed capital is a major and an importance source of fund for any banking business . 1- Borrowing from central bank The commercial banks in times of emergency borrow loans from the central bank of the country. The central bank extends help as and when financial help is required by the commercial banks.

8. 2-Other sources : Bank also raise funds by issuing bonds , debentures , Cash certificates etc.etc. Though it is not common but is a dependable source of borrowing Deposits : Public deposits are a powerful source of funds to a bank . There are 3 types of bank deposits (1) current deposits (2) Saving deposits (3) Time deposits .

9. III- RbPBmUlniFi nigkareRbIR)as;mUlniFirbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢ Sources and uses of funds of commercial bank RbPBmUlniFi (Sources of funds) - RbPBR)ak;beBaØIr (Sources of funds) ³ !¼- Transaction deposits KWCaR)ak;beBaØIrenAkñúg Demand deposit account b¤ Checking account EdlGtifiCn GacdkvijCasac;R)ak;tamviFIepSg² dUcCakar eRbImUlb,Tanb½Rt b¤ b¤karbgÁab;[FnaKarepÞrTwkR)ak;cUlkñúgKNnIepSgeTot )an RKb;eBlevla .

10. Checking account man # RbePT ³ - Regular checking accounts ³ tRmUv[manTwkR)ak;Gb,rma ]>!/000 duløar. kñúgkrNITwkR)ak;tMkl;minRKb;RKan;enaH RtUvbg;éføesvaRbcaMEx ]TahrN¾ * duløar eTAeGayFnaKar . - Activity accounts ³ \ttRmUveGaymanTwkR)ak;Gb,rma nig\tbg;éføesvaRbcaMEx eT b:uEnþral;kardksac;R)ak; nigCYnkalkarbBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúgKNnI RtUv)anKitéfø esvakmµ .

11. Interest-earning checking account ³ KWCa Now-account (Negotiable Order of Withdrawal ) EdltMrUveGaymanTwkR)ak;Gb,rma kñúgkMritmYyx<s;CagTwkR)ak; RbePTxagelI . ebITwkR)ak;Gb,rmamankMritminRKb;RKan; enaHRtUvxat»kasTTYlkarR)ak; ehIyGacRtUvbg;éføesvaRbcaMExeTotpg . @¼- Saving Deposit KWCaR)ak;beBaØIrenAkñúg Regular saving account b¤ehAfa Passbook account EdlPaKeRcIn\tcaM)ac;manTwkR)ak;Gb,rmaeT b:uEnþGRtakarR)ak; mankMritmYyTab . #¼-Time deposits ³ KWCaR)ak;beBaØIrmankalkMnt; EdltRmUv[manTwkR)ak;Gb,rma nigGacmankalkMnt;BI #0éf¶ dl; !0 qñaM b¤eRcInCagenH . kardkR)ak;ecjBIKNnI munkalvsanRtUvBin½y . Time deposits EckCaRbePT ³

12. Retail certificate of deposits (Retail CDs) tRmUv[manTwkR)ak;Gb,rmaBI
Retail certificate of deposits (Retail CDs) tRmUv[manTwkR)ak;Gb,rmaBI !/000$ eTA $ 5,000 ehIymanGRtakarR)ak;efr (Fixed interest rate) . - Stock indexed CDs Gacpþl;karR)ak;x<s; b¤Tab GaRs½yeTAnwgsßanPaBTIpSar. - Managing CDs KWmanlkçN³CakarbMEbkR)ak;beBaØIrCacMENk² edIm,Iep¤Irkñúg KNnI epSg² EdlmankalvsanxøI b¤Evg . tamry³enH eKmanlT§PaBqk;»kas eRCIserIskalvsan EdlGRtakarR)ak;mankMritx<s; RBmTaMggayRsYldl;karrkSa snÞnIyPaBpg . $¼ Money market deposits account (MMDAs) manGRtakarR)ak;GENþt (floating interest rate) KµankalkMnt;kalvsanþ nigtRmUveGaymanTwkR)ak; Gb,rmaeRcIn ehIyBMuGnuBaØati[dk b¤epÞrR)ak;ecjBIKNnI)aneRcIndgeTkñúg!Ex . ebI

13. TwkR)ak;Gb,rmaFøak;cuH]TahrN¾ eRkamkMrit$ 1,000enaH FnaKarnwgKitéføesvakmµ. %¼ Central bank funds purchased KWCakarTijmUlniFi¬xøI¦ edayFnaKarkNþal edIm,IbMerI[tMrUvkarsnÞnIyPaBsMrab;ry³eBlxøI rbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢ nigsßab½nbeBaØIr déTeTot . ^¼Borrowing funds from the C.B KWCakm©IBIFnaKarkNþal Edlpþl;lT§PaB[ FnaKarBaNiC¢x©ImUlniFiBIFnKarkNþalsMrab;mYyry³eBlxøI EdlehAfakm©Itambg¥Úc Gb,har( Borrowing at discount window). GRtakarR)ak;RbePTenH ehAfaGRta Gb,har EdlRtUv)ankMnt;eday C.B . &¼Repurchase agreement (Repo)KWCakarlk;mUlb½Rt edayP¢ab;nwgkarRBmeRBog BIsMNak;PaKIEdllk;mUlb½Rt karTTYlTijykvij .

14. *¼Bond issued by the commercial banks (¼Bank’s equity capital CaTUeTAtMNag[mUlniFi Edl)anmktamry³karecjnUv b½NÑh‘un b¤karrkSaTuknUvR)ak;cMeNjminEckcay kareRbIR)as;mUlniFi ( Uses of funds by banks) FnaKarBaNiC¢eRbIR)as;mUlniFi edIm,IbMerInUvRbtibtþikarrbs;xøÜn EdlenAkñúgenaHman - Cash and deposit due from banks - Bank loan - Investment in securities - C.B funds sold (loaned out) - Fixed assets

15. 1- Cash : KWCasac;R)ak;EdlFnaKarrkSaTuksMrab;GtifiCnrbs;xøÜn EdlRtUvkardk sac;R)ak;BIKNnI . sac;R)ak;enHmanbrimaNmYycaM)ac;sMrab;Fana)annUvsnÞIyPaB rbs;FnaKar . FnaKarBaNiC¢rkSaTuksac;R)ak;mYymYyEpñkkñúgFnaKar nigmYyEpñk eTotenAkñúgFnaKarkNþalsMrab;bMeBjkatBVkic©R)ak;bMrug (Reserves requirement). -and deposit due from banks : KWCasac;R)ak;EdlFnaKarrkSaTuk (Demand Account) sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkarTUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt (Check Clearing purpose). 2- Bank loan : EckecjCa 1)- Business Loan & 2)-Consumer Loan i-Business Loan : EckecjCa ³ Working capital loan & Term Loan Working capital loan Cakm©ImankalvsanþxøIsMrab;ykeTAbMeBj[karcMNay RbtibtþikarCaRbcaMrbs;shRKas .

16. Term loan CaRbePTkm©IeRbIsMrab;hirBaØb,Tan dl;karTijGclnRTBü ehIyman kalvsanþEvg mankalkMNt;c,aslas;GMBIry³eBl nigkarkk;bBa©aM(Collateral) RBmTaMgRtUvmanÉksarRKb;RKan;sMrab;bMeBjtamlkçNÐepSg²énkm©I . ii-Consumer Loan ³ KW\NTansMrab;pþl;eTA[buKÁl b¤RKYsar edIm,IeRbIR)as; kñúgkarTijTijTMnij nigesvakmµ eRbIR)as;epSg² . \NTanenHmaneRcInRbePT ³ Closed-End credit & Open-End Credit - Closed-End Credit : RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;TisedACak;lak; nigmankMritmYyc,as; las; RBmTaMgRtUvcuHkic©snüaEdlmanEcgGMBIviFIsg\NTan (repayment term) nig éføcMNayepSg²Tak;Tgnwgkm©I (Credit costs)dUcCakarR)ak; nigkMéresvakmµ FnaKarCaedIm . Closed end credit : mandUcCa ³ + Mortgage Loan , Automobile Loan , Installment Loans

17. Installment Loans = You borrow once and repay according to schedule
Installment Loans = You borrow once and repay according to schedule .Mortgage and automobile loans are typical installment loans. Installment loan payments are regular ( monthly , For example) and Fixed (they don’t increase or decrease) . Open-End Credit : KWCa\NTankñúgkMritmYy EdlFnaKareRtomebIkpþl;eTA[Gñkx©I CabnþbnÞab; enAeBlmantRmUvkar\NTan . kareRbIR)as;\NTanRbePTenH PaKeRcInRbRBwtþi eTAtamry³b½NÑ\NTan dUcCa (Visa card ,Credit Card..) EdlGacpþl;lT§PaBCUnGñk eRbIR)as;b½NÑ\TanykeTAbg;éføTMnij nigesvakmµeRbIR)as;epSg²kñúgkMritGtibrmaNamYy ehIyGñkeRbIR)as;b½NÑ\NTanmaneBl éf¶ sMrab;sgvijmunnwgFnaKarKitkarR)ak;. rIÉ Debit Card or ATM Card KWCab½NÑ pøasÞiksMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkarbg;éføTMnij esva edayBMucaM)ac;eRbIsac;R)ak; edayRtUvdkTwkR)ak;eTAtaméføTMnij ecjBIKNnIrbs;GñkTij .

18. 1- Business loans. - working capital loan. - Term loans
1- Business loans working capital loan Term loans Consumer loans Closed end credit Mortgage Loan , Automobile Loan Installment Loans Open end credit Card issue by bank (Visa card ,Credit Card..) Debit Card Investment in securities Bank loans 4- C.B funds sold Repurchase agreements Assets Fixed assets Other real estate owned Intangible assets All other assets

19. IV- skmµPaBeRkAtaragtulükar (Off-balance sheet activities) ³ esvakmµFnaKarmYycMnYnRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;dl;GtifiCn edayKµanTak;TgeTAnwgtarag smtulüFnaKareT ehIyGacpþl;cMNUlCa Fees dl;FnaKar edayBMucaM)ac;eRbIR)as; mUlniFieLIy . - Loan commitments ³KWCakarsnüabMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;FnaKar kñúgkarpþl;km©Ikñúg kMritNamYyeTAeGayshRKas enAeBlEdlshRKasRtUvkarmUlniFi . - Standby letters of credit (LC or BA) ³ KWCakic©RBmeRBog EdlFnaKarra:b;rg bMeBjkatBVkic©CMnYseGayGtifiCnxøÜn cMeBaHPaKITI3 kñúgkrNIEdlGtifiCn rbs;FnaKarBMuGacbMeBjkatBVkic©xøÜn)an . - Forward contracts ³ KWCakic©RBmeRBogrvagFnaKar nigGtifiCnxøÜn cMeBaHkarbþÚr

20. nUvrUbiyb½NÑmYy CamYynwgrUbiyb½NÑmYyepSgeTot tamGRtabþÚrR)ak;EdlkMnt; nig sMrab; RKaNamYyxagmux . Tamry³enH GtifiCnGacRKb;RKg)anCamun cMeBaHhaniP½y GRtabþÚr R)ak; . -Swap contracts ³ KWFnaKarmantYnaTICaGnþrkarIykr kñúgkarFanabg;karR)ak;eTA[ PaKITI# tamGRtakMritNamYyEdlRBmeRBogCamYyGtifiCnrbs;xøÜn . v-r)aykarN¾cMNUlrbs;Commercial (Income statement of commercial banks) KWCakarbgðajlT§plénkarGnuvtþn¾rbs;sßab½n nigsßanPaBhirBaØvtßúbc©úb,nñ . Bt’manenH bgðajlT§pl b¤plvi)akénkarsMerccitþrbs;KN³RKb;RKg. elIsBIenHeTotBt’manRtUv )aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,IeFVIkarBüakrN¾EdlGacmanplb:HBal;pÞal;eTAelIkarsMerccitþ nig karGnuvtþn¾ tamry³r)aykarN¾hirBaØvtßú .

21. r)aykarN_rbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµBak;B½n§nwg cMNUlkarR)ak;srub (Interest Income) cMNaykarR)ak;srub(Interest Expense)cMNUlminEmnkarR)ak; (Non-Interest Income) cMNayminEmnkarR)ak; (Non Interest Expense)cMeNjsuT§muneBlbg;Bn§ (Net income before taxes) cMeNjsuT§eRkayeBlbg;Bn§ (Net income after taxes).

22. VI-karRKb;RKgsnÞnIyPaB bMNul nigPaBcMeNjbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢kmµ Commercial banks liquidity , liability and profitability management kMeNInkarRbkYtRbECgBIsMNak;sßab½nhirBaØvtßúBMuEmnFnaKar nigkarERbRbYld¾qab; rh½sénGRtakarR)ak; )anpþl;sMBaFya:gxøaMgdl;karRKb;RKgnUvPaBcMeNj nig snÞnIyPaBrbs;FnaKarBaNiC¢ . karviPaKGMBItaragtulükar r)aykarN¾cMNUl nigGnu)athirBaØvtßú (Financial ratio) epSg² rbs;FnaKar KWCaviFImYycaM)ac;sMrab;BRgwgkarRKb;RKgFnaKar .

23. FnaKarCaeRcInmaneKaledAxus²Kña FnaKarxøHcg;[mankMenInxøaMgedIm,IsMerc)annUv eKaledArIkcMerInry³eBlEvg ehIyxøHeTotcUlcitþenAes¶om edIm,IbnßyhaniP½yCa Gb,rma . ROE = Return on equity ¬plcMNUlelIPaKh‘un¦ b¤ cMNUleFobnwgmUlFnpÞal; ROA = Return on assets ¬plcMNUlelIRTBüskmµ¦ b¤ cMNUleFobnwgRTBü EM = Equity multiplier ¬emKuNh‘un¦ Net interest Margin = KMlatkarR)ak;suT§ AssetsRTBü = bMNul (liabilities) + mUlFnpÞal; (Equity Capital)

28. KMlatR)ak;cMeNjRbtibtþikar =¬cMNUlRbtibtþikarsrub – cMNayBIRbtibtþikar¦¼ RTBüsrub - R)ak;cMeNjelIPaKh‘unnImYy² = cMeNjsuT§bnÞab;Bn§ ¼ cMNUlPaKh‘unFmµta karbkRsayGnu)atR)ak;cMeNj ³ Gnu)atnImYy²BinitüeTAelIEpñkepSg²énR)ak;cMeNjrbs;FnaKar -ROA KWCasBaØaénRbsiT§PaBrbs;GñkRKb;RKg EdlR)ab;BIsmtßPaBénkarRKb;RKg EdlbMElgBIRTBüeTAR)ak;cMNUl - ROE sMrab;vas;EvgGRtacMNUlEdlhUreTAm©as;PaKh‘un rUbmnþR)ak;cMeNj ³ edIm,IviPaKRbtibtþikarrbs;FnaKarmYy eKEtgEtviPaKeTAelIEpñknImYy²énGnu)at

29. - ROE = ROA x Total Assets/ Total Equity Capital b¤ Net income after taxes Net income Total Assets = x Total equity capital Total Assets Total equity capital karviPaKcMNUleFobnwgTunpÞal; ³ ROE = Net income after taxes/ x Total Operation Income/ x Total Assets / Total operation incomes Total Assets Total Equity Capital

30. b¤ ROE = KMlatR)ak;cMeNjsuT§ x Gnu)ateRbIR)as;RTBü x emKuNrbs;TunpÞal; = Profit margin x Asset Utilization x Equity multiplier Edl - Profit margin (PM) = Net income / Total Operation income (1) - Asset Utilization (AU) = Total Operation income / Total Assets (2) - Equity multiplier (EM) = Total Assets / Total Equity Capital (3) (1) bgðajBIRbsiT§PaBénkarRKb;RKgkarcMNay nigeKalneya)ayéføénesvakmµ (2) bgðajBIeKalneya)ayRKb;RKgkarvinieyaKcMruH (3) bgðajBIeKalneya)ayhirBaØb,Tan ³ RbPBmUlFnEdleRCIserIsedayFnaKar ¬bMNul b¤TunpÞal; ¦

31. rgVas;R)ak;cMeNj nigkarbkRsay ³ karviPaKedayEpñk²rbs;R)ak;cMeNj )anR)ab;eyIgGMBImUlehtu énkarlM)akkñúgkarrk cMNUlrbs;FnaKar nigR)ab;GñkRKb;RKgsßab½nBIcMNUuEdleKRtUvedaHRsaybBaðaénkarrk cMNUlepSg² . karsMerc)annUvR)ak;cMeNjx<s; Ep¥kelIktþamYycMnYndUcxageRkam ³ - kareRbIR)as;ya:gRbugRby½tñnUvGRtabMNul - kareRbIR)as;ya:gRbugRby½tñnUvGRtaGclnRTBü ¬cMnYnénkarcMNayefrEdlFnaKar eRbIR)as;edIm,IbegáItcMNUlmuneBlbg;Bn§ enAeBlEdlmankMenInRbtibtþikar ¦ - karRKb;RKgya:gRbugRby½tñBIkarcMNay EdlnaMeTAdl;cMNUlBIRbtuibtþikar køayCa R)ak;cMeNjsuT§ - karRKb;RKgya:gRbugRby½tñBIRTBücMruH edIm,IeqøIytbtMrUvkarsac;R)ak; gayRsYlenA

32. enAeBlEdlFnaKarEsVgrkcMNUlx<s;bMputBIRTBü - RtYtBinitüya:gykcitþTukdak;BIhaniP½yrbs;FnaKar dUcecñHeKGaceCosvag)an BIkar xatbg;EdlRKbelIcMNUl nigTunpÞal;rbs;FnaKar Yem Channarom , MBA & Ph.D Candidate

33. karRKb;RKgRTBüskmµ (Asset Management) edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMeNj FnaKarRtUvEtEsVgrkCamYyKñanUvR)ak;cMNUlx<s;bMputelIR)ak; km©I nigmUlb½RtRtUvkat;bnßyhaniP½y[nUvkMritGb,rma nigRtUvbegáIt liquidity Asset FnaKar BüayamseRmceKaledATaMg 3 enH tamry³viFIsaRsþsMxan; $ ( Bank try to accomplish these three goals in four basic ways ) KW ³ !- FnaKarBüayamEsVgrkGñkx©IEdlha‘nTUTat;GRtakarR)ak;x<s; ehIyTMngCaminrt; ecalbMNulrbs;eK ¬GRtabraC½yCaFmµtaticCag 1% ¦ . @-FnaKarBüayamTijnUvmUlb½RtTaMgLayNaEdlpþl;nUvcMNUlx<s;nighaniP½yTab #- kñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüskmµ FnaKarRtUvEtxitxMRbwgERbgbnÞabhaniP½yCaGb,rma edaybMElg[maneRcInmux ] ³ pþl;km©IeRcInRbePT b¤ TijRTBüskmµEdlmanRbePT xusKña ¬ sBaØab½Nñry³eBlxøI Evg b½NÑrtnaKar >>>>¦ $- FnaKarRtUvEtRKb;RKgPaBravénRTBüskmµrbs;xøÜn edIm,I[xøÜnGacbMeBjtRmUv karénR)ak;bMrugedayKµankarcMNayd_elIslub .

34. karRKb;RKgPaBRKb;RKan;énTun (Capital Adequacy Management ) FnaKarTaMgLayRtUvEtsMerccitþGMBIcMnYnTunEdleKRtUvkan;kab;edIm,Iehtupl 3 ya:g (Banks have to make decisions about the amount of capital they need to hold for three reasons ) !- cMnYnTunb:HBal;dl;plcMNUlcMeBaHm©as;kmµsiT§ ¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘un¦énFnaKar #- cMnYnTunFnaKarCacMnYnGb,rmamYycaM)ac; EdlRtUv)antRmUv[manedayc,ab;.

35. tulüPaBrvagsuvtßiPaB nigplcMNUlcMeBaHGñkkan;kab;PaKh‘un Trade-off between safety and returns to equity holders eyIgeXIjfa TunFnaKarmanKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþi . - TunFnaKarpþl;KuNsm,tþieFVI[karvinieyaKkan;EtmansuvtßiPaB edaykat;bnßynUv »kasénkarkS½yFn - KuNvibtþiBIeRBaHh‘unkan;EteRcIncMNUlkan;Ettic - enAkñúgkal³eTs³mYyminc,as;las; kalNakarxatbg;FMelIR)ak;km©IekIneLIg bNþaGñkRKb;RKgFnaKarcg;manTunkan;EteRcInedIm,IkarBarGñkkan;kab;PaKh‘un . - pÞúyeTAvijRbsinebIeKeCÓCak;fa karxatbg;énR)ak;km©InwgminekIteLIgeT eKRbEhlCacg;kat;bnßycMnYnTunFnaKarEdlmanemKuNx<s; EdlnaM[cMNUlelI PaKh‘unekIneLIg .

36. - yuT§saRsþsMrab;karRKb;RKgTunFnaKar (Strategies for managing Bank capital ) RbsinebIFnaKarmYyyl;eXIjfa vamanemKuNh‘un (equity multiplier) x<s; nig xVHxatTunFnaKar b¤BMumanRKwHRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;sáat;karbraC½y eKGacedaHRsay tamviFI # ya:g ³ !- eKGacecjpSayPaKh‘un @- eKGacbegáItTunedaykat;bnßyR)ak;cMeNjtamPaKh‘un (dividends) rbs;Gñk kan;kab;PaKh‘un ehtuenHeFVI[ekIneLIgnUvR)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk (retained earning) EdlGacdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKNnITunrbs;FnaKar #- eKrkSaTuk[enAdEdl b:uEnþbnßycMnYnRTBüskmµrbs;eK edaypþl;nUvR)ak;km©I tictYc .

37. Subordinate notes = A short term debt security can be change to common stock . Debenture = A debenture is a medium to long-term debt format that issued by large company to borrow money . Miscellaneous = of many different kinds. Custody = right to take care s.one / s.th calamities = disaster pillars = metal , stone used as support for roof . Lump sum = (Total) Single payment for the total amount . Installment Loans = karsgbnþicmþg²