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Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones

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Presentation on theme: "Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones"— Presentation transcript:

1 Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones
Articulations Articulation = joint = point of contact between bones

2 Joint Classification Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses
Functional Name Structural Name Movement Example Description Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Syndesmoses ligaments Sutures skull Gomphoses Teeth to jaw Amphiarthroses Cartilaginous (hyaline, fibrocartilage) Slightly movable Synchondrosis Ribs, epiphyseal plate Symphyses Pubis, vertebral discs Diarthroses Synovial Freely movable Uniaxial Hinge, pivot Biaxial Saddle, ellipsoidal Multiaxial Ball and socket, gliding

3 Synarthroses Fibrous Joints

4 Amphiarthoses Cartilaginous

5 Diarthroses Synovial Most numerous Most complex Structures
joint capsule sleevelike encasing around bone ends to bind them together synovial membrane membrane lining capsule to secrete synovial fluid bursae cushions joints and helps tendons move joint cavity small space between bones articular cartilage hyaline cartilage covering bone ends menisci pads of fibrocartilage between bones Ligaments strong, dense, white fibrous tissue that hold bones firmly together bursae

6 Knee Joint (Hyaline cartilage) (fibrocartilage)

7 Ankle Joint Anterior interior tibiofibular ligament
Achilles tendon (cut)

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9 Types of Joints ellipsoidal

10 Uniaxial Joints permits movement around one axis and one plane
projection of one bone articulating with a ring/notch of another bone examples - between vertebrate allows only flexion and extension examples – elbow, knee knee joint largest joint, most complex, most frequently injured

11 Biaxial Joints permits movement around two perpendicular axes and planes
Example thumb only saddle joint in the body condyle fits into an elliptical socket Example between radius and carpals ellipsoidal

12 Multiaxial Joints permits movement around three or more axes and planes
most moveable joints ball shaped head fits into concave depression example - shoulder, hip humeroscapular joint most mobile joint sacroiliac joint hip joint relatively flat articulating surface that allows gliding movement example between carpals between tarsals between vertebrate

13 Multiaxial Ball and socket

14 Multiaxial Ball and socket

15 Multiaxial Gliding

16 Uniaxial Hinge

17 ROM (Range of Motion) Goniometer
Used to determine extent of injury and progress of rehabilitation measures range of motion (degree of angle)

18 Angular ROM flexion – decreases angle, movement towards body
extension – increase angle, movement away from body hyperextension – stretching or extending beyond anatomical position plantar flexion – increase angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down) dorsiflexion – decrease angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up) ABduction – move AWAY from medial plane ADduction – move TOWARDS medial plane

19 Circular ROM rotation – pivoting a bone on its axis
circumduction – distal end of a body part moves in a circle supination – hand palm side up pronation – hand palm side down

20 Special Movements inversion – turn sole inward
eversion – turn sole outward protraction – move part forward retraction – move part backward elevation – move part up depression – move part down

21 Joint Disorders Inflammatory (IJD) Noninflammatory (NIJD)
Rheumatoid arthritis Gouty Arthritis Noninflammatory (NIJD) Osteoarthritis Tramatic Injuries Dislocation Meniscus tear Sprain Ligament tear Herniated disc

22 Joint Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic and systemic
Inflammation of synovial membrane Cartilage destroyed, bone erosion Progressive crippling and deformity Pain, inflammation, decreased mobility, aching, stiffness Treat with corticosteroid drugs and NSAIDS

23 Joint Disorders Gouty arthritis Also referred to as just Gout
Excessive uric acid in blood Crystals get deposited in synovial fluid Chronic inflammation and tissue damage Swelling, tenderness Pin in wrists, fingers, ankles, knees, elbows Treat with Allopurinol (inhibits uric acid synthesis) and Uloric (new med)

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25 Joint Disorders NIJDC Osteoarthritis IJD IJD Gout Rheumatoid arthritis

26 Joint Disorders Osteoarthritis Most common NIJD
Wear and tear deterioration Atrophy of articular cartilage Formation of new bone at joint surface Most common in weight-bearing joints Stiffness, pain, limited movement Treat symptoms with NSAIDS

27 Joint Disorders Dislocation Articular surfaces not in proper contact
Tear vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles Pain and swelling Treat with realignment (reduction); sometimes surgery

28 Joint Disorders Sprain Stretching of ligaments surrounding joint
Due to twisting motion Hematoma, limited motion Treatment: R.I.C.E. Rest Ice compression elevation

29 Degree of Sprains 1st degree ankle sprain 2nd degree ankle sprain
Some stretching or perhaps tearing may have occurred No loss of function Mild pain, little bruising Little or no swelling Some joint stiffness or difficulty walking 2nd degree ankle sprain Difficulty walking Moderate to severe pain Swelling and tenderness in the ankle joint Bruising may start after 3 to 4 days 3rd degree ankle sprain most serious Total rupture of a ligament Walking may not be possible Severe pain initially and substantial swelling May require surgery

30 Joint Disorders Ligament Tears (3rd degree Sprain)
Bruising, pain, swelling, instability Physical therapy Partial tear vs. complete tear Partial Tear – boot/brace, crutches Complete Tear - Surgery after most swelling subsides

31 Joint Disorders - Knee Meniscus Tear
One of most common athletic injuries Swelling, pain, instability, limited motion Treat with arthroscopic surgery

32 Meniscus Normal Tear of medial meniscus

33 Joint Disorders - Knee ACL tear Women more likely than men
Will hear a popping sound Usually due to twisting motion Get hit very hard on the side of your knee, such as during a football tackle Overextend the knee joint Quickly stop moving and change direction while running, landing from a jump, or turning Repair by grafting (not sew back together) Patellar tendon autograft (autograft comes from the patient) Hamstring tendon autograft Quadriceps tendon autograft Allograft (taken from a cadaver) patellar tendon, Achilles tendon, semitendinosus, gracilis, or posterior tibialis tendon

34 ACL, MCL, PCL tears

35 Arthroscopic surgery 3-4 very small incisions ¼ in.
fiber-optic light source video camera terile saline solution is continuously pumped through the knee via a cannula

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37 Vertebral Disc Disorders

38 Herniated disc Treatment
Steroid epidural Use long needle to inject steroid into epidural space in order to shrink the herniation (cartilage) Surgery Microdiscectomy Fusion

39 Steroid Epidural

40 Knee Arthroscopic Surgery
Knee Replacement

41 Hip Replacement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DosqbEy8ecY

42 Ankle Arthroscopy Herniated disc epidural Herniated disc microdisectomy Spinal Fusion

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