1. Case study: China and the Soviet Union
THE COLD WAR
Case study:
China and the Soviet Union

2. RECAP United States Soviet Union Encourage the spread of democracy
Raw materials and markets to fuel booming industries
Rebuild European governments (to help with the above)
Reunite Germany to stabilize Europe
Encourage communism and a worldwide workers’ revolution
Rebuild war-ravaged economy
Control Eastern Europe
Keep Germany divided to prevent war

3. IMPORTANT VOCAB “Iron Curtain”
Churchill; Europe’s division between democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe
Containment
Blocking the spread of communism and Soviet forces
How?
Truman Doctrine
$400 million dollars to stop the spread of communism (Truman = tank)

4. IMPORTANT VOCAB Marshall Plan
Billions of dollars to rebuild war-torn Europe (Marshall = money)
NATO
Stands for???
Any attack on any NATO country was met with armed force
Warsaw Pact
Response to…
Alliance system like NATO but for Communists

5. IMPORTANT VOCAB Brinkmanship “going to the brink…”
Ready to go to war at any minute
**Later replaced by détente**
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
ICBMs
Intercontinental ballistic missile
Which led to the….

6. IMPORTANT VOCAB Arms Race (and Space Race)
The strategic build up of missiles
U-2 Incident
“open skies” policy
Soviets said no; Eisenhower did it anyway using U-2 spy planes

7. Essential Question:
What impact did the spread of communism into Asia impact the Cold War?
Warm Up Question:
With a partner, discuss what you know about China’s government and how it came to be that way.

8. The Cold War was a conflict of rival ideologies between the USA & USSR that lasted from 1945 to 1991
Early in the Cold War from 1945 to 1949, the focus of the conflict was on Europe
The United States used the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, & NATO to successfully contain communism in Europe

9. Beginning in 1949, however, containment seemed to fail as communism spread to China, Korea, & Vietnam in Asia

10. For almost 2,000 years, China was the world’s most dominant empire because of trade along the silk road & the power of the ruling dynasties

11. In the 1600 & 1700s, European nations became powerful, began exploring, & claiming colonies
The Industrial Revolution in the 1700s & 1800s made Europe the center of power in the world

12. Europeans used imperialism to control Africa & Asia
Britain used the Opium Wars to claim trade rights in China
By 1900, China was weak & divided into spheres of influence

13. A group of reformers called nationalists called for changes
In 1912, Sun Yat-sen ended the Chinese dynastic system & created a democracy called the Republic of China

14. But, the republic did not modernize China & led to an era of chaos
In the 1920s, nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek took over & ran China as a dictatorship
Meanwhile, communism was growing in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong
Mao’ s Communist Party gained popularity among poor peasants by offering to redistribute land from wealthy warlords

15. When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945
From 1930 to 1949, Nationalists & Communists fought in a bloody civil war for control of China
When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945
After WWII, Communists gained support & began to win control of China

16. The three “revolutionary” Communists
In 1949, the Communists won the Civil War & Mao created the Peoples’ Republic of China
Chiang’s gov’t fled China & set up in Taiwan
The USA was shocked when China fell to communism & only recognized the Nationalists as the gov’t of China
The three “revolutionary” Communists
Karl Marx Vladimir Lenin Mao Zedong

17. Based upon this propaganda poster, what changes will Mao propose for China?

18. Mao was determined to reshape China’s economy based on Marxist socialism
He seized land from the rich & divided the land among the poor peasants
Mao followed Stalin’s example by creating collective farms & a Five Year Plan to improve Chinese industry

19. Based upon this propaganda poster, what two things will Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” focus on?

20. In 1958, Mao began a massive program to create agriculture & industry called the “Great Leap Forward”
Millions of Chinese citizens were sent to work on large collective farms to grow food
Other citizens were required to work on massive industrial projects like making iron & steel or building dams & railroads
“Backyard furnaces” to make iron
Image of a “People’s Commune”

21. “Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China
“Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China. Catch up with Britain & America.” --Mao, 1958

22. Mao’s Great Leap Forward started well…

23. …but, the it required forced labor & led to lots of suffering by millions of Chinese citizens

24. The Great Leap Forward was a failure & led severe food shortages, famine, & poor quality industry

25. Mao ended the Great Leap Forward after three years
Chinese peasants

26. Based upon this image, what was purpose of Mao’s “Cultural Revolution”?

27. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)
The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to emphasize Mao’s strict socialist ideas & attack traditional Chinese ideas
Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the “Little Red Book,” a book of his quotes that reinforced what was acceptable for Chinese communists

28. After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976)
Mao targeted young people & many joined the Red Guards, a group to protected the culture of the revolution
Red Guards closed schools & universities; burned books; & humiliated, beat, killed people who opposed Mao’s ideas

29. Parades united citizens
Attacked teachers, politicians, & critics
The Cultural Revolution unified the Chinese people but also led to the deaths or imprisonment of thousands of citizens
Executing teachers, politicians, critics

31. Even without Mao, China remains a Communist nation today
In 1976, Mao Zedong died & was followed by more moderate Communist officials
Even without Mao, China remains a Communist nation today

32. The fall of China to communism had a major impact on the Cold War between the USA & USSR

33. The USA acted when communism threatened Korea
The U.S. response to the fall of China was to more aggressively confront communism the world
The USA was afraid of a “domino theory” in which communist nations turn their neighbors communist
As a result, the USA vowed to contain the spread of communism anywhere in the world
The USA acted when communism threatened Korea

34. In 1950, North Korea (using Soviet supplied weapons) crossed the 38° & attacked South Korea
During World War II, Korea was liberated from Japanese control by the U.S. army in the South & the Soviet army in the North
When South Korea appealed to the United Nations, the USA sent troops to Korea to contain communism
But, when the USA pushed too close to China, the Chinese Army entered the war & helped North Korea
After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38° with a communist gov’t in North Korea & a democracy in South Korea

35. The USA successfully stopped communism from spreading into South Korea & showed that it was willing to fight to contain communism
Today, Korea remains divided between a communist North & a democratic South
After 3 years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed to in 1953, the fighting stopped, & the 38° was restored as the boundary between North & South Koreas

36. The fighting in Korea convinced many nations to not choose a side during the Cold War
These “neutral” countries during the Cold War were known as the “non-aligned nations”
While Korea was a success, the Cold War would escalate in the 1950s & 1960s as communism threatened Africa, Southeast Asia, & Latin America

37. SOVIET UNION

38. Key Players Josef Stalin
Bolshevik, Communist leader pre-WWII, during WWII, and post- WWII
Command economy, industrialization, collectivization
Killed million (some reports say 50 million)

39. Key Players Josef Stalin Five Year Plans Industrial Revolutions
Produced results!
Agricultural Revolutions
Collective farming
Brutal but good

40. Key Players Josef Stalin Totalitarianism Propaganda Secret Police
“Great Purge”
Censorship
Religious persecution

41. Key Players Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev and Kennedy – 1960s
De-Stalinization
Lessening of censorship
Space Race and ICBMs
As a result, Americans pushed science and math in schools
Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis

42. Rather than blockade the city, Communist leaders built the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans out of West Berlin

43. The Berlin Wall became the iconic image of the Cold War
Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles
The “death strip” stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls

44. When Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959, the USA feared the spread of communism so close to America

45. After a failed attempt to overthrow Castro, Khrushchev secretly sent nuclear missiles to Cuba
The U.S. successfully blockaded Cuba & Khrushchev removed the ICBMs in exchange for the removal of American ICBMs in Europe
The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the USA & USSR came to nuclear war

46. Key Players Leonid Brezhnev Leader of Politburo
Ruling committee of Communist party
Censorship of speech and worship
Negotiated SALT treaties with Nixon
Part of détente…
Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty
Limited ICBMs

47. Key Players Mikhail Gorbachev
Recognized importance of social and economic reforms
Free flow of ideas
Glasnost = openness (think clearness, like glass)
Opened churches, publication of banned books, people allowed to criticize the government

48. Good Old Gorbachev People complained about central planning
Perestroika = economic restructuring
“Perry! I done stroika some gold.”
Revived Soviet economy, citizens allowed to open small businesses
Gorbachev did NOT want to throw out communism, just make it more efficient

49. Good Old Gorbachev

50. Good Old Gorbachev Democratization
Election of a legislative body from a list of candidates
What was it like before?
Foreign Policy
Reagan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) – limited missile ranges
Stark contrast to other Communist leaders, who were older and resisted reforms

51. Closure
Write a letter, produce a comic or cartoon, or write a poem depicting the daily life of a Soviet or a Chinese worker during the Cold War.