1. Chapter 12
Using Language

2. Introduction
Language does not merely describe reality, it helps to create it.
Perception
Social construction of knowledge

3. Meanings of Words
Denotation/Connotation

4. Activity

5. Using Language Accurately
Accuracy and credibility
Subtle differences in like terms
Persecution vs. prosecution
Education/Knowledge/Expertise
Writer/Journalist/Novelist

6. Using Language Clearly
Use familiar words
Choose concrete words
Eliminate clutter
Papers vs. Speeches

7. Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest
The Pilgrims and Native Americans gathered around the feast, a veritable cornucopia of harvest and game, a gastronomic monument to the bountiful biodiversity of the land, and while Mrs. Standish’s cranberry sauce was a far cry from the homogeneous gelatinous can-imprinted sacrosanct blob which has become the holiday’s sine qua non, the rest of the food was good

8. Using Language Vividly
Vivid, animated language
Imagery
Concrete words
Simile
Metaphor

9. Appropriateness…

10. … to the occasion “You guys” / “You all”
Certain language for certain contexts

11. … to the audience Use language that suits the audience Jargon
Profanity
Technical language

12. … to the topic Do what’s best for the topic and comprehension
Differences in types of speeches

13. … to the speaker Develop and become familiar with your own style
Blend this style with the needs of the other components

14. Inclusive Language Avoid the generic “He”
Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
Use names that groups use to identify themselves