1. Pathogen-Mediated Posttranslational Modifications: A Re-emerging Field
David Ribet, Pascale Cossart 
Cell 
Volume 143, Issue 5, Pages (November 2010)
DOI: /j.cell
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Posttranslational Modification of Host Proteins during Infection
Yersinia (blue) is an extracellular pathogen that injects effectors into the host cell's cytoplasm using a specialized type III secretion system (T3SS). Salmonella (red) triggers its own entry into host cells and replicates in a remodeled vacuole. It also secretes T3SS-dependent effectors. After cell invasion, Listeria (green) escapes from vacuoles and resides free in the cytoplasm, where it replicates and starts moving using the host cell's actin. Interactions with host factors are mediated by bacterial surface or secreted proteins. Effectors from all three of these bacteria (blue for Yersinia effectors, red for Salmonella effectors, and green for Listeria effectors) alter posttranslational modifications of host proteins (purple) to facilitate pathogens' replication, propagation, and evasion from host immune responses .
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Pathogen-Mediated PTMs Target the Cytoskeleton and Immunoreceptors
Bacteria effector proteins (green) control the dynamics of the host cell's actin cytoskeleton by posttranslationally modifying Rho-GTPases (left). Viral effector proteins (blue) regulate posttranslational modification of immunoreceptors, such as the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and the CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) molecules (right), thereby decreasing their expression at the cell surface and dampening immune responses.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Pathogen-Mediated PTMs Target the MAP Kinase and NF-κB Signaling Pathways
The MAP kinase (left) and NF-κB (right) signaling cascades trigger immune responses in the host cell during infections. Both bacterial (green) and viral (blue) effectors weaken these immune responses by inducing or counteracting posttranslational modifications of key components in these critical pathways.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions