1. Diffusion of hydrophilic neutral molecules
in water in the presence of salt mixtures
sucrose
Chloride ion
Sodium ion
Potassium ion
Cross-Diffusion of hydrophylic neutral molecules can be induced due concentration gradients of ions. Due to hydration forces, neutral molecules move from high to low salt concentration. This shows that cross-diffusion is a probe of particle preferential hydration.
J. Mol. Liq. 156, 2010,

2. Formation of PVA mesoscopic aggregates
Dynamic Light Scattering
Formation of PVA mesoscopic aggregates
in water in the presence of salts
Sample opacification due to PVA aggregation.
Dynamic Light Scattering on PVA+salt+water shows the formation of PVA mesoscopic aggregates with size ranging from 35 to 120 nm depending on time (t).

3. Porphyrin preferential incorporation in PVA hydrogel
Encapsulation of porphyrins into the PVA hydrogel due to binding (see coloration change of PVA hydrogel).
= porphyrin

4. PVA-Porphyrin binding in aqueous phase (UV spectrophotometry)
Free porphyrin
Bound porphyrin
Absorbance spectra of porphyrin shift towards higher wavelengths as PVA concentration increases in homogeneous aqueous solution due to porphyrin-PVA binding. The isosbesitic point indicates that are only two states.