1. What makes us intelligent Or Not so intelligent
Intelligence
What makes us intelligent Or
Not so intelligent

2. Achievement Achievement Knowledge and sills gained from experience
The things you know and can do
An achievement test is a test designed to assess what a person has learned.
Semester Exams

3. Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others

4. Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS:
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence).
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.

5. Spearman Two-Factor Theory
Spearman said we have a general intelligence (g)
For example, people who do well on vocabulary examinations also do well on paragraph comprehension examinations. Other factors include a spatial ability factor or a reasoning ability factor.

6. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s G and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).

7. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Visual/Spatial
Verbal/Linguistic
Logical/Mathematical
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Musical/Rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Natural
Existential/philosophical

8. Sternberg says intelligence breaks down into:
Robert Sternberg
Sternberg says intelligence breaks down into:
Analytical Intelligence: Intelligence that is assessed by intelligence tests.
Creative Intelligence: Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas.
Practical Intelligence: Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).

9. Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
First called social intelligence.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ

10. Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence consists of 5 factors:
Self awareness
Mood management
Self-motivation
Impulse control
People skills
OBJECTIVE 4| Describe the four aspects of emotional intelligence, and discuss criticisms of this concept.

11. Measuring Intelligence
Stanford- Binet Scale
Wechsler Scales
OBJECTIVE 8| Define intelligence tests and discuss the history of intelligence testing.

12. How do we Assess Intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

13. formula of Intelligence Quotient (IQ),

14. IQ Test A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

15. David Wechsler
Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for preschoolers.

16. WAIS
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.

17. Reliability
The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.

18. Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Does the test measure the behavior of interest?
Does the test predict future behavior?

19. Problems with Intelligence Tests
Bias:
Cultural Bias
Educational bias
Economic bias
Gender bias

20. Differences in Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of people into two extremes: the mentally retarded (IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence (IQ 135). These two groups are significantly different.
OBJECTIVE 14| Discuss the two extremes of the normal distribution of intelligence.

21. Extremes of Intelligence

22. Mental Retardation

23. Gifted Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.

24. Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence.
OBJECTIVE 5| Identify the factors associated with creativity, and describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence.

25. Genetic Influences
Studies of twins, family members, and adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the evidence for the genetic contribution to individual intelligence, and explain what psychologists mean by the heritability of intelligence.

26. Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?
Recent Studies indicate some correlation (about +.40) between brain size and intelligence. As brain size decreases with age, scores on verbal intelligence tests also decrease.
OBJECTIVE 6| Describe the relationship between intelligence and brain anatomy.
Gray matter concentration in people with high intelligence.

27. Adoption Studies
Adopted children show a marginal correlation in verbal ability to their adopted parents.

28. Environmental Influences
Home & Parenting
Preschool Programs
OBJECTIVE 16| Discuss the evidence for environmental influences on individual intelligence.

29. Early Intervention Effects
Early neglect from caregivers leads children to develop a lack of personal control over the environment, and it impoverishes their intelligence.
Romanian orphans with minimal
human interaction are delayed in their development.

30. Schooling Effects
Schooling is an experience that pays dividends, which is reflected in intelligence scores. Increased schooling correlates with higher intelligence scores.
To increase readiness for schoolwork,
projects like Head Start facilitate leaning.

31. Environmental Effects
Differences in intelligence among these groups are largely environmental, as if one environment is more fertile in developing these abilities than another.

32. Reasons Why Environment Affects Intelligence
Races are remarkably alike genetically.
Race is a social category.
Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests.
Today’s better prepared populations would outperform populations of the 1930s on intelligence tests.
White and black infants tend to score equally well on tests predicting future intelligence.
Different ethnic groups have experienced periods of remarkable achievement in different eras.

33. Gender Similarities and Differences
There are seven ways in which males and females differ in various abilities.
1. Girls are better spellers
2. Girls are verbally fluent and have large vocabularies
3. Girls are better at locating objects
4. Girls are more sensitive to touch, taste, and color
5. Boys outnumber girls in counts of underachievement
6. Boys outperform girls at math problem solving, but under perform at math computation
7. Women detect emotions more easily than men do
OBJECTIVE 18| Describe gender differences in abilities.

34. Adults & Intelligence Biological factors that affect intelligence:
Biological changes
Health changes
Personality
Environmental factors that affect intelligence:
Level of income
Level of education
Job history
Family life
Cultural education
Marriage