1. Chapter 9
Database and Information Management

2. Presentation Overview
Database Basics
Databases and Information Systems
Database Management System Software
Types of Databases
Planning and Designing Database Systems
Using Databases
Database Administration

3. Database Basics
What is a database and how does it organize information?

4. Database Basics
What is a database and how does it organize information?
A database is a computerized system for storing information in an organized manner so that it can be searched for and retrieved when needed. Information is stored in the form of fields, records, and files.

5. Database Basics
Data vs Information

6. Database Basics Data vs Information
Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of words, numbers, sounds, or images

7. Database Basics Data vs Information
Data – raw, unorganized content in the form of words, numbers, sounds, or images
Information – data associated with other useful data on the same topic

8. Database Basics
Levels of Data within a Database

9. Database Basics Levels of Data within a Database
Entity – a person, place, thing, or event

10. Database Basics Levels of Data within a Database
Entity – a person, place, thing, or event
Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or dollar amount
data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)
name: assigned by person developing the database
size: number of characters that can be entered

11. Database Basics Levels of Data within a Database
Entity – a person, place, thing, or event
Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or dollar amount
data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)
name: assigned by person developing the database
size: number of characters that can be entered
Record – related fields describing an event or situation

12. Database Basics Levels of Data within a Database
Entity – a person, place, thing, or event
Field – a single value, such as a name, address, or dollar amount
data type: usually numeric or text (numbers and text)
name: assigned by person developing the database
size: number of characters that can be entered
Record – related fields describing an event or situation
File – collection of records of the same type

13. Database Basics
Traditional database organizes data in a hierarchy. A field is the smallest element. Fields are within a record. Records are organized in a data file. Database is a collection of data files.

14. Database Basics
Common field data types

15. Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)

16. Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)
used to track and control every transaction through a database

17. Databases and Information Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS)
used to track and control every transaction through a database
transaction – any business activity central to the nature of the enterprise

18. Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems

19. Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems
designed as replacement for paper-based information systems

20. Databases and Information Systems
Office Information Systems
designed as replacement for paper-based information systems
gives quick access to office paperwork

21. Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems

22. Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
designed to help management make decisions about an operation

23. Databases and Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
designed to help management make decisions about an operation
allows managers to work with “what if” scenarios

24. Databases and Information Systems
Factory Automation Systems

25. Databases and Information Systems
Factory Automation Systems
runs an assembly line directly, controlling manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots

26. Databases and Information Systems
Factory Automation Systems
runs an assembly line directly, controlling manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of conveyor belts and robots
may be part of complete CIM system that controls manufacturing process from beginning to end

27. Database Management System Software
Database Keys

28. Database Management System Software
Database Keys
Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database

29. Database Management System Software
Database Keys
Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database
Primary key – most important key in a field

30. Database Management System Software
Database Keys
Key – attribute used to identify and provide a means to search database
Primary key – most important key in a field
Data browsing – process of moving through a database file, examining each record and looking for information

31. Database Management System Software
Query Tools

32. Database Management System Software
Query Tools
Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.

33. Database Management System Software
Query Tools
Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.

34. Database Management System Software
Query Tools
Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.
A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.

35. Database Management System Software
Query Tools
Query tools help users narrow down information needed to be searched.
A query allows users to ask questions designed to retrieve information.
A select command asks a database to return records that match specific criteria.
Joining matches data from fields in various files.

36. Database Management System Software
Structured Query Language (SQL)
This SQL statement could search for top students in a college, with “top” defined as those students with a grade point average (GPA) above 3.49.

37. Database Management System Software
Joining matches data from fields in various record files. Both Student Personal Records and Student Grade Records files would have a common Student ID number field, allowing information from both files to be returned in a single query.

38. Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary

39. Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary
Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database

40. Database Management System Software
Metadata and the Data Dictionary
Metadata – information about data; describes significance of various elements of a database
Data dictionary – a body of metadata

41. Types of Databases
Flat File Databases

42. Types of Databases Flat File Databases
database contains only one table or file

43. Types of Databases Flat File Databases
database contains only one table or file
simple and easy to use

44. Types of Databases Flat File Databases
database contains only one table or file
simple and easy to use
slower to respond because records must be searched sequentially

45. Types of Databases Flat File Databases
database contains only one table or file
simple and easy to use
slower to respond because records must be searched sequentially
generally consume more disk space

46. Types of Databases
Relational Databases

47. Types of Databases Relational Databases
Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.

48. Types of Databases Relational Databases
Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).

49. Types of Databases Relational Databases
Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).
A record is called a tuple.

50. Types of Databases Relational Databases
Fields can be shared among all files in the database, making it possible to connect them.
A file is called a table (consists of rows and columns).
A record is called a tuple.
A field is called an attribute.

51. Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases

52. Types of Databases Object-Oriented Databases
stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)

53. Types of Databases Object-Oriented Databases
stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)
object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object

54. Types of Databases Object-Oriented Databases
stores data in the form of objects (units of object-oriented programming logic)
object contains data related to the object and the actions to be performed on the object
speeds up database functions and makes database development easier

55. Types of Databases Multimedia Databases
allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields

56. Types of Databases Multimedia Databases Hybrid Databases
allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and hyperlinked fields
Hybrid Databases
several different models combined to allow more effective data handling

57. Types of Databases
Operational Databases

58. Types of Databases Operational Databases
operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store

59. Types of Databases Operational Databases
operational database tracks an operation or situation, such as the inventory of a store
distributed database – is spread across multiple networked computers – each computer shares a portion of the data – can hold more information – is cheaper – is easier to use

60. Types of Databases
Data Warehouses

61. Types of Databases Data Warehouses
used to store data gathered from one or more databases

62. Types of Databases Data Warehouses
used to store data gathered from one or more databases
does not change, delete, or manipulate data they store

63. Planning and Designing Database Systems
How are databases designed?

64. Planning and Designing Database Systems
How are databases designed?
System analysts or database designers follow three steps to plan a database
1. Create an organizational structure for the data.
2. Design an interface that makes the database user- friendly.
3. Set up reporting capabilities to allow for inquiry and response.

65. Planning and Designing Database Systems
User requests and enters data through the front-end interface program. The database management
system manages
the retrieval
and update of
the database
itself.

66. Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS

67. Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
form – template that allows users to enter data into the database

68. Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
form – template that allows users to enter data into the database
report – formatted body of output from a database

69. Planning and Designing Database Systems
Database Objects: Tools in the DBMS
form – template that allows users to enter data into the database
report – formatted body of output from a database
data filter – filtering material in a database to restrict a database search

70. Using Databases
What are the types of data processing?

71. Using Databases What are the types of data processing?
Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached

72. Using Databases What are the types of data processing?
Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached
Transactional processing – more continuous
• real time system – data must be accurate to the second
• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing

73. Using Databases What are the types of data processing?
Batch processing – occurs at a scheduled time or when a critical point has been reached
Transactional processing – more continuous
• real time system – data must be accurate to the second
• online transactional processing – very fast, always-on processing
Mixed forms of processing – transactional and batch processing in the same system

74. Using Databases
Database Users

75. Using Databases Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They
add records

76. Using Databases Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They
add records
modify records

77. Using Databases Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They
add records
modify records
delete records

78. Using Databases Database Users
Data entry operators type data into databases and make sure that it is accurate. They
add records
modify records
delete records
sort records

79. Database Administration
Database Administrator

80. Database Administration
Database Administrator
is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software

81. Database Administration
Database Administrator
is responsible for maintaining and updating the database and the DBMS software
is responsible for preventing computer downtime

82. Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption

83. Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption
Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.

84. Database Administration
Data Loss or Corruption
Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable, incomplete, or damaged.
Backing up data is a major method for recovering lost or corrupted data.

85. Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations

86. Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations
tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store

87. Database Administration
Backup and Recovery Operations
tape backups commonly used because they are cheap and easy to store
backups must be stored separately from original material to lessen accidental data loss

88. Database Administration
Database response time is the lag time between a user issuing a command and the database system taking action.

89. Database Administration
Record Locking

90. Database Administration
Record Locking
occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system

91. Database Administration
Record Locking
occurs when users attempt to edit existing records in a multi-user system
allows only one user at a time to edit or delete a record

92. Database Administration
Data Integrity

93. Database Administration
Data Integrity
data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users

94. Database Administration
Data Integrity
data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users
redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity

95. Database Administration
Data Integrity
data integrity – the accuracy of information provided to database users
redundancy – duplication of data in several fields; an enemy of data integrity
normalization – prevents duplicate data storage and reduces chance that some data will not be updated when changes are made

96. Database Administration
Data Validation

97. Database Administration
Data Validation
range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered

98. Database Administration
Data Validation
range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered

99. Database Administration
Data Validation
range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered
consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated

100. Database Administration
Data Validation
range check – allows only range of numbers to be entered
alphanumeric check – allows only letters of alphabet and digits to be entered
consistency check – checks against previously entered data that has been validated
completeness check – ensures every field filled out

101. On the Horizon
Based on the information presented in this chapter and your own experience, what do you think is on the horizon?
Suggested final slide for each chapter.
CLH SLIDE Please have this slide be the final slide for each chapter.