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Review: phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis

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1 Review: phonological analysis & Morphological Analysis
(Materials adapted from ANT 522 Intro. to Phonology by Lee Bickmore, UAlbany)

2 Main Topics Phonological Analysis: Allophones Morphological Analysis
Solving data sets on allophones Using distinctive features Formulating phonological rules & Underlying Representations (UR). Morphological Analysis Morpho-phonemic analysis Underlying Representations & morphological parsing.

3 Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Igbirra Analyze the sounds: [e] and [a] State the phonological rules.

4 Phonological Analysis: Allophones
Exercise: Tamil Analyze the sounds: [ʊ] and [ɯ] State the phonological rules.

5 Foreign words and (English) glosses
Sometimes 1 English word = 1 Foreign word: Spanish perro = English dog Sometimes 1 E morpheme = 1 Foreign morpheme: Plural perro-s, dog-s What is 2 morphemes in a single word in one lang = 2 separate words in another language. Spanish: Cant-o = English: I sing Sometimes what is glossed with more than one morpheme (or word) in Eng. is simply one morpheme in the other language. Aztec: ni-chooka ‘I cry’, ti-chooka ‘you cry’, chooka ‘he/she cries’ Conclusion: 3 sg. marker is /ø/ (null morpheme). Sometimes what is glossed with one morpheme in English is actually two morphemes in FL: Spanish blanc-a 'white‘ - English : ‘white (Fem)’ Turkish haz-at 'house‘ - English: ‘house (Nom.)’

6 Morphemes in Foreign Language Morphemes in Gloss / Translation
Number of morphemes Morphemes in Foreign Language Morphemes in Gloss / Translation 1 2 (in single word) 2 (in separate words) 2

7 Morphological Parsing:
In Rows & Columns Sometimes data is given in rows and columns, where roots remain consistent across the row, and the affix remains consistent down the column. Analysis: For Affixes: Scan down each column. As a first guess, assume that the affix is the phonological material that stays the same. For Roots: Scan across each row. As a first guess, assume that the root is the phonological material that stays the same. In random list Data is given in list form. Compare the forms that have the same translation. Identify the root: forms that stay the same. Then identify the affixes. Once you know some morphemes, deduce the rest by process of elimination.

8 Exercise: Morphological Parsing
Veracruz Morphemes: 1st person sing. (I) : _______ 2nd person sing. (you): _______ 3rd person sing. (he): ________ 1st person plural (we): _______ 2nd person plural (you all): _______ 3rd person plural (they): ________ Morphemes: Past tense: _____________ Present tense: _________

9 Morpho-phonemic analysis
Alternations: One morpheme will sometimes have two or more ‘allomorphs’. When there are alternations: Assume alternation in affix Assume alternation in root Assume no alternation Alternations must be explained: Choose one allomorph to be the underlying morpheme. This is usually done by choosing the allomorph which has the most varied or widest distribution. Write a phonological rule or rules which derive the other allomorphs correctly. You must always make sure that your rule doesn’t ‘mess up’ other forms in the data.

10 Exercise: Morpho-phonemic Analysis
Maltese

11 Morpho-phonemic analysis & URs
Proposing morphemes = proposing UR of morphemes. Sometimes alternations in the root or in the affix forces us to carefully choose the UR of morphemes. We may have to define the UR of the root morpheme by looking at how it appears in the ‘affixed’ column. Then propose phonological rules to explain the alternation of the roots. Main point: ‘Think outside of the box’

12 Example: Samoan (pg.86-87) Morpheme for: Perfective: ________
enter: ____ twist: ______ jump: ______ fall: _______ Any phonological rule that is required. Simple Perfective Gloss au tau oso ulu soa pole ifo milo motu api sau aulia taulia osofia ulufia soaŋia poleŋia ifoŋia milosia motusia apitia sautia ‘flow on’ ‘cost’ ‘jump’ ‘enter’ ‘have a friend’ ‘be anxious’ ‘bow down’ ‘twist’ ‘break’ ‘be lodged’ ‘fall’

13 Example: Russian (pg. 68-71)
Morpheme for: genitive: ________ eye: ____ voice: ______ threshold: ______ vice: _______ bread: ______ pond: _______ Nominative sing. Genitive sing. Gloss muʃ karandaʃ glas golos ras les porok vrak urok prut soldat zavot xlep grip trup muʒa karandaʃa glaza golosa raza lesa poroga vraga uroka poroka pruda soldata zavoda xleba griba trupa ‘husband’ ‘pencil’ ‘eye’ ‘voice’ ‘time’ ‘forest’ ‘threshold’ ‘enemy’ ‘lesson’ ‘vice’ ‘pond’ ‘soldier’ ‘factory’ ‘bread’ ‘mushroom’ ‘corpse’ Any phonological rule that is required.


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