1. What is the difference in effect?
As a feudal lord, each of your peasants grows 100 bushels of wheat. On the more productive estate next door, peasants grow 120 bushels of wheat.
How does this affect you?
As a capitalist factory owner, each of your workers produces 100 shirts a day. In the more productive factory next door, each similarly paid worker produces 120 similar shirts each day.
How does this affect you?

2. “Creative Destruction”
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society.
The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.
Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto
“Creative Destruction”

3. Aim: How did the British industrial revolution begin to change the world?

4. Early stages of industrialization
FEWER WORKERS
“A central problem is how to develop agriculture, to provide food and raw materials, while also transferring resources from agriculture to the rest of the economy: this is the agrarian question.”
MORE FOOD
Merchant capitalists become land-owners, seek to improve productivity, profits
Enclosure movement - end of “common land”

5. Early stages of industrialization
Merchant capitalists become land-owners, seek to improve productivity
Enclosure movement - end of “common land”
“Putting out” system: from farmers to home “workers”
Technological changes in weaving and spinning

6. Spinning Cotton into Thread

7. Handloom weaving

8. Spinning Jenny turns cotton, wool into thread more efficiently

9. Automatic weaving loom, powered by water wheel

10. Power Looms, using a steam engine - note the drive shafts

11. How a steam engine works

12. Factory system - lots of capital, huge increases in production, lower labor costs

13. Canals and Rivers Coal and Iron Deposits

14. Canals and Rivers Railroads

15. Coal, Iron, Manufacturing Centers

16. Canals and Rivers Manufacturing Centers

17. Railroads Manufacturing Centers

18. “The Rocket” - 1st successful train

19. Early Railroads

20. Rivers, Canals, Railroads in Europe

21. China & India

22. The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. Industries no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto