1. Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University
PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm
Western Washington University
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2. Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
Chapter 17
Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health
Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
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3. Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
Phineas Gage
Why would a tamping iron through the skull lead to dramatic changes in personality?
Damage to the Medial Prefrontal Lobes
Site of planning and emotion
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FIGURE 17.1 A reconstruction of the brain injury of Phineas Gage. The damage focused on the medial prefrontal lobes. (Based on Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Frank, R., Galaburda, A.M., and Damasio, A.R. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264, )
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Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotion.
Autonomic/skeletal response is necessary for emotion.
Cannon-Bard
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion.
Autonomic/skeletal response is independent of emotion.
Both are wrong.
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6. Limbic System and Emotion
Papez proposed an emotional circuit (limbic system) that includes the hypothalamus.
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FIGURE 17.4 The location of the major limbic system structures. In general, they are arrayed near the midline in a ring around the thalamus. (See also Figure 3.28 on page 71.)
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a rare cerebral neurological disorder.
Major symptoms include the urge to put objects into one’s mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behavior, placidity, and visual distractibility.
Kluver-Bucy results from bilateral damage to anterior temporal lobes.
It was first seen in monkeys, and subsequently in other species (including humans).
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Polygraphy
Lie detection is really emotion detection.
Control-Question Technique
Physiological response to a target question compared with response to control question
Success rate in studies is about 80 percent.
Guilty Knowledge Technique
Merely ask a question that only the culprit would know the answer to.
Success rate in distinguishing guilty vs. innocent is 88 percent in one study.
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10. Emotions and Facial Expression
The meanings of facial expressions appear to be universal.
Six Primary Emotions
Naturally occurring expressions are usually variations or combinations of the basic ones.
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FIGURE 17.5 Ekman’s six primary facial expressions of emotion and one combination facial expression. (Generously supplied by Kyung Jae Lee and Stephen DiPaola of the iVizLab, Simon Fraser University. The expressions were created in video game character style using
FaceFx 3D software, which allows DiPaola and Lee to create and control facial expressions of emotion in stills and animated sequences; see ivizlab.sfu.ca).
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12. Emotions and Facial Expression (Con’t)
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Smiling makes you happier; facial muscles influence emotional experience.
Microexpressions: brief facial expressions reveal true feelings and may break through false ones.
Different muscles are involved in fake and real smiles.
Current perspective: body cues also play a major role in expression of emotion.
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13. Fear, Defense, and Aggression
Fear: emotional reaction to threat
Aggressive behaviors: designed to threaten or harm
Defensive behaviors: designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear)
Social aggression: unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species; intended to establish dominance
Defensive attack: aggressive behavior, as when cornered
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14. Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
Colony–Intruder Model of Aggression and Defense in Rats
Study interaction between alpha male of an established colony and a small male intruder
Observation of Cats and Mice
Cat “play” with prey is actually a combination of attack and defense behaviors.
Target-site concept: aggressive behaviors designed to attack specific sites on body; defensive to protect specific sites
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15. Aggression and Testosterone (T)
Nonprimates
T release around the birth of male rats prepares them for T-activated social aggression at maturity.
T increases or has no effect on social aggression, depending on species; castration decreases or has no effect on social aggression in same species.
In humans, social aggression does not increase along with higher T levels at puberty.
In humans, most aggressive outbursts are defensive attack (not T related), not social aggression.
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16. Aggression and Testosterone (Con’t)
Social Aggression in Humans
Does not decrease with castration or increase with testosterone injections
Violent criminals and aggressive male athletes may have high testosterone levels, but this may be the result (not cause) of aggressive behavior.
Possible Sources of Discrepancies in Human Studies
Measured blood testosterone level; should measure brain- part testosterone levels
Failure of researchers to distinguish between social aggression (testosterone-related, for establishing dominance) and defensive aggression (e.g., when cornered)
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17. Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
Pair a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) with an aversive stimulus (e.g., a shock).
Present the tone later and the animal will show a conditioned fear response.
Usually a defensive behavior
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18. Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
Lesions of the amygdala block fear conditioning.
The amygdala receives input from all sensory systems.
Appears to be responsible for adding emotional significance to another stimulus
The amygdala projects to brainstem regions that control emotional behavior output .
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19. Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
Cognitive neuroscience is a current approach to study human emotion.
Brain activity associated with emotion is diffuse.
Emotion, including empathy, is correlated with activity in motor and sensory cortices.
Similar brain activity is associated with experienced emotion, imagined emotion, or observation of someone experiencing an emotion.
May indicate a mirror-like system in the brain
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20. Amygdala and Human Emotion
Amygdalas in humans appear to have a more general role in emotions, not just in fear.
The amygdala appears to play a role in evaluating the emotional significance of situations.
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21. Medial Profrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
Emotion and cognition are better studied as components of the same system.
Medial portions of the prefrontal lobes are sites of emotion–cognition interaction.
Medial prefrontal lobes are active during either emotional suppression or reappraisal paradigms.
Many other roles for this area in emotion have been suggested; likely it performs many functions.
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22. Lateralization of Emotion
Early theories of lateralization may have been too general.
Asymmetry of facial expression studies indicate that a majority of people have right-hemisphere dominance for facial expressions.
Similar in monkeys
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The Stress Response
Stress triggers stress hormones: anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system (glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and cytokines (causing inflammation and fever).
Selye neglected the sympathetic nervous system.
Individual differences, such as attitude, affect the magnitude of the stress response.
Example: women awaiting surgery who were “certain” they did not have breast cancer had milder stress than did others.
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24. Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers: lesions of stomach lining and duodenum
More common in those who are stressed, they are readily created in the animal lab.
Ulcers are caused by a bacteria; stress appears to makes the body vulnerable to this bacteria.
75 percent of healthy subjects have the bacteria.
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What Effect Does Stress Have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial?
Effects of stress on immune function depends on the kind of stress.
Acute stressors improve immune function.
Chronic stressors impair immune function.
Stress can impact immune function in many ways.
Effects of stress can be good (adaptive and healthful), bad, or mixed.
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26. Early Experience of Stress
Stress or mistreatment early in life may cause brain and endocrine abnormalities later in life.
Rat pups handled by researchers had more adaptive stress response in adulthood (less circulating glucocorticoids following stress), probably due to less negative feedback from hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors.
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