1. Urban Models How and why does land use organize a city?
Functional Zonation

2. City “Ingredients”
Central place (business, offices, shopping— where goods and services are exchanged)
Industry (making of goods)
Transportation
Residential (low, middle, high class)
What would I want to locate near/far from each other?

3. Central Business District (CBD)
Land cost?
Land use?

4. Central Business District (CBD)
Land Use:
Government, Offices, Retail (“downtown” commercial center)
Residential?
who would elect to live here and why?

5. Day Night Populations US Cities

6. Central Business District (CBD)
How does cost of land impact the landscape?
Compact!
Skyscrapers
Small store- fronts

8. Zone in Transition (ZIT)
Land cost?
Land use?

9. Zone in Transition (ZIT)
Land Use
Industrial manufacturing (plants)
Warehouses (trains, storage, shipping)
Noise/Pollution = lower land value

10. Zone in Transition (ZIT)
Some Housing: Who lives here & why?
Low quality (slums)
High density (projects, apartments)
Ethnic neighborhoods

11. Residences Distribution
Neighborhoods by socio- economic status, race, family situation, etc.
Low class
Middle class
High class

12. Concentric Zone (“Burgess”) Model (‘20s)
What happens to land value further from the core?
Who lives where and why?

13. ex. Chicago 1920s Who lives where? Works where? Why?
Lower-classes live closer to CBD (migrants at industrial jobs)
Upper-classes live farther out (higher income-- can afford commute)
Circles move outward as city expands

14. Bid-Rent Theory
COST
COST

15. Inconsistencies today?
Assumes flat land, etc. …
BUT Cities rarely have clear “zones”
Gentrification-- improvements in downtown lower-class zone

16. Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (1930s)
City develops in sectors, not rings— why?
Which sector guides the pattern?

17. Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (30s)
Industry along transport routes (railroad, river)
High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground

18. Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman) (Post WW2, early suburbanization)
Development not dependent on CBD; rather several “nodes” of business activity
Office parks, manufacturing, retail
Why multiple “nodes?”

19. Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman)
Activities don’t have to revolve around CBD
Universities => restaurants, good residences, bookstores
Airports => hotels, warehouses

20. Urban Realms Model “Edge Cities”/Galactic City
Suburban regions more independent from CBD
“Edge Cities”-- large commercial centers that offer entertainment/shopping for suburbs
Fixed activity spaces in urban “realm”

21. “Edge Cities”/Galactic City
Urban Realms Model
“Edge Cities”/Galactic City
Counter-urbanization (people want to live away from city!)
Increased transportation (cars)
Technology (tele-commute)
Why?

22. Transportation and urban growth
DISCUSSION:
* Do you recognize aspects of the layout of your town or city that are remnants of past transportation eras?

23. Located along freeways or beltways
“Edge cities” - suburban nodes: high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels - designed for auto travel -
Located along freeways or beltways
DISCUSSION:
* What are the elements required for a suburban area to be categorized as an "edge city"?
Philadelphia's Edge Cities

24. Galactic City or Edge City Model

25. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

26. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

27. Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

28. Urban sprawl – contemporary problem
Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge
Consequence of car-dependent urban growth
“Boomburgs”
DISCUSSION:
* Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why?