1. Final Exam Review
Soc1020x

2. Distinguish beween gender and gender stratification…
Gender: personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female
Gender Stratification: the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

3. Define minority group and name two minority groups in Canada…
Minority group….a disadvantaged subordinate group which has less power and is often discriminated against by the dominant group
Indigenous peoples, disabled, and gays, lesbians, and trans people, women, immigrants etc.

4. What is the Vertical Mosaic?
Named by John Porter, it is a system of racial stratification in Canada
Shows that minority ethnic groups are disadvantaged.

5. What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race is…. a socially constructed category of “important biological traits”
Ethnicity is…a shared cultural heritage

6. Differentiate between the primary, secondary and tertiary economic sectors. Which is dominant in Canada?
Primary: based on raw materials taken from the natural environment
Secondary: focus on transforming raw materials into manufactured goods
Tertiary: involves services rather than goods
High income countries like Canada have a large tertiary sector

7. Define patriarchy, matriarchy and explain how they are related to sexism…
Patriarchy: a form of social organization in which males dominate females
Matriarchy: a form of social organization in which females dominate males (has never been documented)
Sexism: belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

8. Name 3 ways that capitalism and socialism are different.
Private ownership of property
Pursuit of personal profit
Competition and consumer choice
Higher productivity and standard of living
Socialism
Collective ownership of property
Pursuit of collective goals
Government control of economy
Less disparity but lower standard of living

9. How are power and authority related?
Power is … achieving desired ends despite resistance
Authority is .. power that people perceive as legitimate

10. What is the difference between prejudice, racism and discrimination?
Prejudice..is an irrational, negative attitude about people based on stereotypes
Racism …is the set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the inferior treatment of a racialized group
Discrimination…is the unequal treatment based on racism and prejudice

11. How is age stratification related to ageism?
Age stratification is related to inequalities, differences, segregation between age groups.
Ageism occurs when an age group with less power becomes the object of prejudice and discrimination by another group with more power. This can occur when age stratification exists in a society.

12. How do patriarchal, matriarchal and egalitarian authority patterns differ?
In the family….
Patriarchal = male authority
Matriarchal = female authority
Egalitarian = equal authority

13. What is the difference between the pluralist and the power-elite models?
Pluralist model (structural functionalist) power is distributed amongst many groups in society
Power-elite model (conflict) power is held by wealthy elites

14. What is a social movement? Name four types and briefly describe them.
Social movement: an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
Alternative: Limited change for a limited number of members, e.g., planned parenthood
Redemptive: Radical change with a selective focus, e.g., some religious organizations
Reformative: Limited change that targets all members of society, e.g., anti-abortion/pro-choice movements
Revolutionary: Goal is basic transformation of society e.g. Communist Revolution

15. What are some sociological characteristics of abuse?
Women and girls more likely to be victims
Child abuse more common when abuser has been abused as a child
Because abuse involves power, elder abuse is more common than actually reported, even in institutions
Family violence is under-reported
Dating violence most common against women 15-24
Violent fathers-in-law triple the rate of abuse for women
PTSD and physical injury common for women

16. Distinguish between a church, state church, denomination, sect and cult
Church: a type of religious organization well integrated into the larger community (Catholic church or Jewish synagogue)
State church: is formally allied with the state (Anglican Church of England, Islam and Pakistan, etc.)
Denomination: independent of the state (I.e. in Canada, Catholic or Anglican not allied with state)
Sect: stands apart from the larger society (Mennonites, Hutterites)
Cult: largely outside cultural traditions (Rosicrucians)

17. What is educational mobility?
Educational mobility is the ability to become better educated than one’s parents. It is also often used as a measure of stratification. In countries with a lower degree of stratification (i.e. Finland) offspring have a greater degree of educational mobility.

18. What is homogamy and when is it relevant?
In relationships, there is a tendency for people with similar characteristics (class, SES, ethnicity, religion, appearance, etc.) tend to marry or co-habit with one another

19. What was the “Blooming Study”?
An experiment showing the effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy on student performance. When teachers told one randomly group selected group of students they were gifted, academic performance increased compared to another group who were not told the same thing.

20. How, according to Durkheim, has society changed?
Society has changed from mechanical solidarity, with a low division of labour and strong social and moral bonds to organic solidarity, characterized by a high division of labour and mutual interdependence.
However, one consequence of the change in society was called anomie (sense of growing normlessness and declining common values )by Durkheim

21. Differentiate between mortality and morbidity, in sociology
Mortality: incidence of death in a poluation (usually calculated per 1000)
Infant mortality < 1 year old deaths for evary 1000 live births
Morbidity: incidence and prevalence of disease (especially chronic) in a population

22. What is the population pyramid and what does it show about Canada?
Population pyramid: A graphic representation of the age and sex of the population
Canada: shows that our population is aging, as the base is now smaller than in the past (declining birth rate) and the upper part has a bulge for the baby/echo boom and an larger than elderly population than in former years.