1. CLONING

2. CLONES
2 organisms with identical DNA

3. Natural Clones Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission (Used by many single celled
organsisms)
Budding (Ball of cells formed by mitosis grows into
individual organism Ex: Hydra)
Fragmentation – A piece breaks off & grows into full organism (Ex: Starfish)
Identical Twins
Totipotent Cells break off of embryo (Totipotent Cells have potential to become an entire organism…up until 8 cell stage in humans)

4. STEM CELLS
Cells divide by mitosis & produce cells that will become more specialized

5. Kinds of Stem Cells: Embryonic: Adult:
A Totipotent cell can become ANY kind of cell (up until 8 cell stage in humans)
A Pleuripotent cell can become almost any kind of cell
Adult:
A Multipotent cell can become different kinds of cells, but only closely related cells (Ex: Blood Stem cell can give rise to any kind of Blood cell)
Used to replace cells

8. DIPLOID (2n) versus HAPLOID (n)
Diploid cells have the full number of chromosomes. This # is 46 in humans
Haploid cells have ½ the number of the diploid #. This # is 23 in humans
DIPLOID CELL
HAPLOID CELL

9. Somatic Cells versus Sex Cells
Somatic Cells are cells that make up the body (Ex: Skin cells, liver cells, bone cells, etc).
Sex Cells are gametes (sperm & eggs in humans).

10. Embryo is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother

11. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Cloning Technique)
Take a Somatic Cell (Body Cell) from individual you want to clone
Take an egg cell from female & enucleate it (take out nucleus)
Bring body cell & enucleated cell close & zap with electricity (cells fuse together)
Egg cell now diploid, so it thinks it’s fertilized & divides by mitosis to make embryo
Place embryo in uterus of surrogate mother (female that carries another female’s baby)

12. CLONING TIMELINE