1. Organic Chemistry & Carhohydrates Presented by Mr. Rainbeau

2. the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
Organic Chemistry
the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

3. What are 4 types of organic molecules found in living things?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
biomolecules

4. What elements make up carbohydrates?
(Carbon)
with (Water)
C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio (Ex: C6H1206 )

5. What are 2 uses of carbohydrates?
living things use it as main source of energy (short term & intermediate term)

6. 2. Plants and some animals use for structural purposes (cellulose & chitin)

8. What is a monosaccharide?
(One)
(Sugar)
Single sugar (monomer)
Ex:Glucose (fuel in humans)
Fructose (fruit)
Sugars end in “ose”

10. What is a polysaccharide?
(Many)
(Sugar)
large molecule formed from monosaccharides

11. Ex: glycogen (animal starch) stored in liver and muscles) -intermediate energy

13. Ex: starch used by plants to store excess sugar (roots, seeds)

15. Ex: cellulose tough, flexible, gives plants stength & rigidity (wood, paper)

17. Lets build some carbohydrate
Lets build some carbohydrate. But first we need to know how to put small sugars together. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates.

18. Monomer
Polymer
One subunit
Many subunits
link together
to form polymer
Made up of
monomers

19. The monomer of a carbohydrate is _______________
a monosaccharide (ex:
Lets glue in a monosaccharide.

20. What do you think a disaccharide might be?
Di means ___
Saccharide means ___
Disaccharide means two sugars or a double sugar

21. Lets make a double sugar.
How are two monosaccharides put together?

22. Dehydration Synthesis – the loss of water that occurs when linking monomers together

23. Lets try putting two monosaccharide together using the process of dehydration synthesis.
Use flip chart or

25. A disaccharide is made up of _________________
2 monosaccharides

26. Using your remaining monosaccharides, make a polysacharide.
This is an example of a ___________.
It is made up of __________________ .
I put it together using the process of ________________ . When I put monosacchide together they lost _____________________ . #
# & word

28. 2. Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides joined together
(Two)
(Sugar)
2 monosaccharides joined together
Ex: Sucrose: glucose + fructose (table sugar)
Maltose: glucose + glucose (malt sugar)

29. Intermediate term energy storage (starches & glycogen)

31. C. 3 types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

32. B. Molecule Structure
1. All made up of monomers (smaller subunits) that link together to form polymers (the larger compound)

33. Lipids

34. What is a characteristic of a lipid?
large molecules that are generally not soluable in water

35. What elements make up a lipid?
carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

36. What are the four functions (uses) of a lipid?

37. 1. Stores energy
(fats)
Excess carbohydrates  fats for energy storage.

39. 2. Make up cell membranes
(phospholipids)

41. 3. Water proofing
(waxes)

42. 4. Make up steriods & hormones which are chemical messengers

43. What two molecules make up a lipid?
glycerol and fatty acids

44. What is meant by saturated
What is meant by saturated? each carbon atom is joined to another carbon by a single bond

45. (has maximum # of H
& is room temp)

46. What is meant by unsaturated?
there is at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid

47. not full of hydrogens
room temp)

48. Nucleic Acids

49. What elements make up a nucleic acid?
carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

50. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
A nucleotide
(Draw & Label)

52. What is the function of a nucleic acid?
to store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

53. What are the two types of nucleic acids and how are they different?
DNA
RNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
(Ribonucleic Acid)
The sugar is deoxyribose
The sugar is ribose
Holds info about how organism will grow
Involved in assembling proteins

54. What are the two types of nucleic acids and how are they different?
DNA
RNA

55. 1. DNA
Hold information of how an organism will grow and develop

56. 2. RNA
Involved in the assembly of proteins

58. Proteins

59. What elements make up proteins?
Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

60. What is the monomer of a protein?
An amino acid
(Draw & label)

61. How many different amino acids are found in nature?
More than 20 (humans need 20 essential amino acids)

62. How are amino acids different?
Each amino acid has a different side group (R-group)

63. What are the four functions of proteins?
Control the rate of reactions & regulate cell processes (Enzymes)

64. 2. Used to form bones and muscles
3. Transport substances into or out of cells

65. 4. Help fight disease

66. What are the four levels of protein organization?
Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
Amino acids twist and fold
Protein chain folds
Protein shape

68. Amino
acids

70. D. Enzymes
Biological catalysts - substances that speed up chemical reactions
Can be reused over and over again

72. Enzyme Specificity

76. Analyzing the effect of pH on enzyme activity
The graph at the right shows the relationship between pH and the activity of two digestive enzymes, pepsin and trypsin. Pepsin works in the stomach, while trypsin works in the small intestine. Use the graph to answer the following questions.
1. Name the enzyme that works best in highly acidic environments. ______________
2. Name the enzyme that works best in less acidic environments. ________________
3. Identify the pH value at which trypsin works best. _______
4. Identify the pH value at which pepsin works best. _______
5. What does the graph indicate about the relative acidity of the stomach and the small intestine?