1. Chapter 7 Horizons Social Studies 10
Imperialism
Chapter 7 Horizons
Social Studies 10

2. Canada & Colonial Empires by 1910
Colonialism: is best defined as a country dominating another economically, culturally, and militarily.
By the Late 1800s…
Canada was still scared of the USA economically and politically taking over all of North America.
Canada badly wanted to be independent and free from all British control.
However, as Canada was very much tied to Britain, there was much fighting between English and French Canadians concerning loyalty to Britain.
This would have to be dealt with by Wilfrid Laurier ($5 Bill) who became Canada’s first French Prime Minister in 1896.
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3. All this would come to an end with the onset of World War I!
While Laurier’s in Power…
A world wide depression is coming to end.
Lumber, wheat, and manufactured goods are being traded around the world.
Gold is discovered in the Yukon (Klondike) in 1896.
Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Europe, Britain, Asia, and the USA are settling Canada’s west by rail (CPR).
Telephones, radios, cars, planes and motion pictures are being invented.
Women and First Nations are asserting their equality.
Workers are organizing into unions.
All this would come to an end with the onset of World War I!
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4. Wilfrid Laurier Prime Minister between 1896-1911
First French-Canadian Prime Minister
Laurier’s Compromises
Imperialism: A French English Split
Wanted to promote national unity at home and protect Canada’s interests abroad. A strong English- French nation
Won election in 1896 due to French language rights crisis

6. Manitoba Schools Act 1890
1890 – Manitoba created an English-only school system (in violation of the Manitoba Act, 1870)
English majority wanted the act to cut off money for Roman Catholic Schools and made English only language of instruction
When the federal gov’t (led by Macdonald) refused to intervene, Quebecers voted in favour of Laurier and the Liberals
The Compromise: Manitoba would not have to support Catholic schools, but the public system would provide 30 mins at end of each day for religious instruction and French teachers wherever there was 10 or more French students

7. The Boer War

8. Imperialism Vocabulary
Imperialism – territorial expansion, the policy of one nation acquiring, controlling, or dominating another country or region
An imperialist – someone who practises or supports imperialism
Mother country – a term describing the country immigrants came from
Free Trade – a policy that reduces or eliminates border taxes and regulations between countries
Reciprocity – an exchange or sharing

9. “The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
Imperialism
During the19th century, European countries raced to control Africa, and ‘unclaimed’ parts of the world
European countries wanted to have access to resources like diamonds, rubber, cotton, and sugar
Lead to the “scramble for Africa” in
“The Sun never sets on the British Empire”
(John Wilson, 1829)

10. Africa Africa 1998

11. “Scramble for Africa”
=related
“Imperialism: A French English Split”

12. Colonial Empires by 1910

13. British Empire 1815 (fall of Napoleon)

14. British Empire 1919 (Treaty of Versailles)

15. British Empire History (all time)

16. The South African War
For Canada, the most important military event before WWI was the South African War, The “Boer War”. Canada’s involvement would split the country between the English and French
In 1899, the British gov’t controlled many parts of Africa and was extending its control in S. Africa. British settlers met resistance by the Boers – descendants of the Dutch colonists
Britain was interested in the recently discovered gold and diamond deposits, but assured the Boers that it wanted equal rights for British subjects in S. Africa. The Boers declared war on Britain in 1899

17. The Boer War (South African War 1899-1902)
1899 Britain controlled much of Africa
Gold and diamonds discovered in South Africa
Britain wanted to control these diamond regions
Boers (descendants of Dutch colonists) resisted the British

18. Boer War Controversy
English Canadians wanted to do more to support their mother country
French Canadians resisted fighting in a place with no real connection to Canada

19. The Boer War
Wilfred Laurier (Canada’s Prime Minister) sends volunteers to fight alongside British forces against Boers
English Canadians – supported British Imperialism
French Canadians – sympathized with Boers

20. Canada’s Participation
Laurier compromises – sends only 7,300 volunteers
By ,368 Canadians saw action in the Boer War
89 men killed in action
130 died as result of disease
Canada spent $3 million on the imperial war
16,000 Australians fought (606 died)
Troops from New Zealand, Sri Lanka, and India also fought
This was Canada’s first
overseas battle

21. Boer War Tactics
British forces burned and confiscated any food or shelter Boers might use as they gained territory
This policy is known as “scorched earth”
British forces took captured Boer women and children into concentration camps
Black South Africans caught in the middle were also put into camps
These camps were a way of ‘organizing’ refugees until the war was over
“The proper strategy consists in inflicting as telling blows as possible on the enemy's army, and then causing the inhabitants so much suffering that they must long for peace, and force the government to demand it. The people must be left with nothing but their eyes to weep with over the war. “ (U.S. Army General Philip Sheridan, advice to Otto Von Bismark, 1870)

22. Boer Concentration Camps
Death due to disease and starvation was common
Estimates that up to 100,000 people
were held in camps during Boer War
Up to 20,000 people died (estimate)

23. Results War ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in1902
All Boers became British subjects
South Africa became self-governing in nine years under former Boer generals
South Africa was united in 1910 with the exception of Swaziland, and the Orange Free State (Boer territory)
Foreshadowing to problems in World War I
Canada’s debate: French vs. English, Nationalists vs. Imperialists.

24. The Naval Issue, 1906
Britain needed more boats in order to compete with Germany. English-Canadians thought that Canada should help; French-Canadians didn’t.
Britain launched the HMS Dreadnought – first ‘all-big-gun’ battleship – the naval race was on between Germany and Britain! Britain asks for money from countries of British empire.
English Cnds: wants to send money and ships to support
French Cnds: wanted Canada to have a navy of its own that could be made available in time of war
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25. This was to be known as the ‘tin-pot’ navy
The Naval Issue, 1906
The Compromise:
The Naval Service Act, 1910: Canada would create its own navy, which would then serve Britain if Britain went to war.
While the ships were being built, Britain lent Canada 2 cruisers: the Niobe and the Rainbow.
This was to be known as the ‘tin-pot’ navy
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26. Naval Issue
Both English and French Cnds opposed Laurier’s compromise but for different reasons.
Conservatives (under Robert Borden later 8th Prime Minister) ridiculed the “tin pot” navy
Quebecers opposed because it seemed to tie Canada too closely to Britain
By 1914, the start of WWI, Canada still had no naval policy, and its navy of 2 warships was considered pathetic and obsolete.

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28. Reciprocity, 1911
Mainly English Canadians (Farmers) wanted Free Trade (NO TARIFFS) with the United States. Tired of protective tariffs.
Laurier supported Free Trade with the US.
Robert Borden (Conservative) did not.
Laurier lost the election.
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29. Alaska Boundary Dispute, 1903
Boundary between Canada and Alaska was not clearly defined. Who was in control?
The Tribunal’s Decision:
Officials agreed with the American claim to the boundary of the Alaska Panhandle.
(3 American judges, 2 Canadian judges, and 1 British judge, who sided with the Americans)
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