1. The Unification of China
Chapter 8
The Unification of China
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2. Confucius Kong Fuzi (551–479 B.C.E.) Aristocratic roots
“Master Philosopher Kong”
Aristocratic roots
Unwilling to compromise principle
Decade of unemployment, wandering
Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter
Sayings compiled in Analects
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3. Confucian Ideas Ethics and politics Junzi: “superior individuals”
Avoided religion, metaphysics
Junzi: “superior individuals”
Role in government service
Emphasis on Zhou dynasty texts
Later formed core texts of Chinese education
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4. Confucian Values Ren Li Xiao Goal was cultivation of junzi
Kindness, benevolence Li
Propriety
Xiao
Filial piety
Goal was cultivation of junzi
Ideal leaders
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5. Mencius (372–289 B.C.E.) Principal Confucian scholar
Optimist, placed emphasis on value of ren
Not influential during lifetime
Since about tenth century C.E., considered most important authority on Confucius’s teachings
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6. Xunzi (298–238 B.C.E.) Career as government administrator
Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity
Less rosy view than Mencius’s
Emphasis on li: rigid propriety
Use of harsh social discipline
Like Confucius and Mencius, believed in improving human beings, restoring order
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7. Daoism Critics of Confucianism Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E.
Passivism, rejection of active attempts to change course of events
Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E.
Among several thinkers that contributed to exposition of Daoist beliefs: Daodejing
Compendium of Daoist views: Zhuangzi (named for author, 369–286 B.C.E.)
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8. The Dao “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos)
Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock
Cavity of pots, wheel hubs: empty spaces, but essential
Human beings to tailor behavior to passive, yielding nature of dao
Live with sense of selfless detachment
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9. The Doctrine of Wuwei Attempt to control universe results in chaos
Restore order by disengagement
No advanced education
No ambition
Act selflessly and live simply in harmony with nature
Cultivate self-knowledge
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10. Political Implications of Daoism
Confucianism as public doctrine
Daoism as private pursuit
Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both
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11. Legalism Emphasis on development of the state Role of law
Ruthless, end justifies the means
Role of law
Strict punishment for violators
Principle of collective responsibility
Shang Yang (390–338 B.C.E.)
The Book of Lord Shang
Han Feizi (280–233 B.C.E.)
Forced to commit suicide by political enemies
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12. Legalist Doctrine Two strengths of the state
Agriculture
Military
Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes
Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits
Historically, often imitated but rarely praised
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13. The Unification of China
Development of Qin dynasty, fourth to third centuries B.C.E.
Generous land grants under Shang Yang
Private farmers decreased power of large landholders
Increasing centralization of power
Improved military technology
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14. The First Emperor
Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221–210 B.C.E.) founded new dynasty as “First Emperor”
Dynasty ended in 207 B.C.E., but set dramatic precedent
Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy
Massive public works begun
Precursors to Great Wall
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15. China Under the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E.
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16. The Burning of the Books
Vigorous campaign of criticism
Qin Shihuangdi ordered execution of critics, demanded burning of all ideological works
Some 460 scholars said to have been buried alive
Others forced from provinces into army, dangerous frontier posts
Massive cultural losses
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17. Qin Centralization Standardized: Building of roads, bridges Laws
Currencies
Weights and measures
Script
Building of roads, bridges
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18. Tomb of the First Emperor
Lavish tomb built by some 700,000 laborers
Slaves, concubines, craftsmen sacrificed and buried
Excavation began in 1974
Unearthed 15,000 terra-cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, weapons
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19. The Han Dynasty Civil disorder brought down Qin dynasty, 207 B.C.E.
Liu Bang formed new dynasty: the Han, 206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.
Early Han (206 B.C.E.–9 C.E.)
Usurper temporarily displaced Han, 9–23 C.E.
Later Han (25–220 C.E.)
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20. Early Han Policies
Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy
Created large landholdings
Maintained control over administrative regions
After failed rebellion, took more central control
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21. Han Centralization The “Martial Emperor” Han Wudi (141–87 B.C.E.)
Increased taxes to fund more public works
Huge demand for government officials, in decline since Qin persecution
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22. The Confucian Educational System
Han Wudi established imperial university, 124 B.C.E.
Prepared young men for government service
Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy
Adopted Confucianism as official course of study
3,000 students by end of Early Han; 30,000 by end of Later Han
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23. Han Imperial Expansion
Invasions of Vietnam, Korea
Constant attacks from Xiongnu
Nomads from central Asia
Horsemen
Brutal ruler Modu (210–174 B.C.E.), had soldiers murder his wife, father
Xiongnu briefly dominated by Han Wudi
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24. East Asia and Central Asia at the Time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 B.C.E.
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25. Patriarchal Social Order during the Early Han
Classic of Filial Piety
Subordination to elder males
Lessons for Women
Ban Zhao (45–120 C.E.)
Education should be available to all children
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26. Iron Metallurgy Expansion of iron manufacture
Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron
Increased food production
Superior weaponry
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27. Other Technological Developments
Cultivation of silkworms
Sericulture techniques: breeding, diet
Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms
Led to establishment of intricate network of trade routes: Silk Roads
Development of paper
Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of paper based on hemp, bark, textile fibers
Crossbow trigger, horse collar, ship rudder
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28. Economic and Social Difficulties
Expenses of military expeditions, especially against Xiongnu
Increasing taxes
Arbitrary property confiscations
Increasing gap between rich and poor
Increase in slavery, tenant farming
Banditry, rebellion
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29. The Reign of Wang Mang (9–23 C.E.)
Wang Mang served as regent for two-year-old emperor, 6 C.E.
Seized power himself in 9 C.E.
Introduced massive reforms
The “socialist emperor”
Land redistribution, but poorly handled
Social chaos ended in assassination, 23 C.E.
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30. The Later Han Dynasty
Han dynasty emperors managed, with difficulty, to reassert control
Yellow Turban uprising, land distribution problems
Internal court intrigue
Collapse of weakened Han dynasty by 220 C.E.
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