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Published byΛυσίμαχος Σκλαβούνος Modified over 6 years ago
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Advanced Periodic Trends and Structures of the Elements
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Trends Down a Group:
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Trends Across a Period:
Effective Nuclear Charge: Z* = Z – S
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Chemical Structures of the Elements
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Thermodynamics Review:
G = H - TS Bond Strength Favored by strong bonds. Freedom of Movement Favored by more particles. Example: Cl-Cl vs. Cl Cl Cl-Cl bond strength = 242 kJ/mol So (Cl) = 165 J/Kmol So (Cl2) = 223 J/Kmol
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Bonding Concerns and Trends:
a. Number of bonds b. Type of bonds: sigma vs. pi
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Number of Bonds Possible: F, O
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Type of bonds: sigma vs. pi
C vs. Si O vs. S
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Covalent Character of 2nd Period Elements
Larger charge density = more covalent character Charge density = Z/r Examples: Be, B, sometimes Li, F
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Unavailability of d-orbitals in 2nd period elements
NF3 OF2 F2
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The Diagonal Effect
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The Lanthanide Contraction
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The Metal-Nonmetal Line
Nonmetals gain electrons and form interactions with few atoms Metals lose electrons and form interactions with many atoms
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Summary
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Chapter 10: Hydrogen
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Synthesizing Hydrogen
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Hydrides
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Structure and Bonding of Oxides
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Chapter 11: Oxygen, Aqueous Solutions, Acid-Base Character of Oxides
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