1. Air pollution
Air Pollution

5. The challenges of air pollution legislation
Challenges of Risk Assessment
Economic consequences of over-regulation
Geographic Variation
Fairness and the Precautionary Principle

6. Modeling of Air Pollution
Chemical
Changes
Transport
Deposition
Emission

7. Major Air Pollutants Particulates Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides
Carbon Oxides
Hydrocarbons
Ozone
Stratospheric
troposheric
Lead (included with particulates in the text)
Air Toxics (hazardous air pollutants)
Primary and Secondary Pollutants
Mobile and Stationary Sources
Smog
Photochemical Smog

8. Air Pollutant Sources (CA)

9. Effects of Air Pollution Hazard Identification and Dose Response
Respiratory Disease
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma
Lung Cancer
Toxic Responses
Mental impairment and Death
CO – reduction in blood’s ability to transport oxygen
Neurotoxic responses and effects on development
Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects
(less common for airborne pollutants)

10. Effects of Air Pollution Hazard Identification and Dose Response
Loss of plant productivity
Damage to wildlife populations
Corrode metals and concrete

11. Issues associated with Exposure Assessment for outdoor air pollution

12. Exposure Assessment

13. Hazard Characterization Establishment of standards
Chronic vs. acute exposures
Sensitivity of the receptor
Precautionary principle?
Go through Risk Assessment
Effects on human health
Effects on the ecosystem
Effects on buildings and structures
Calculation of dosage
Inversions/Climatic Effects

14. Establishment of Limits
Maintain or improve conditions?
Who bears the burden?
Economic consequences of over-protection vs. the environmental and health risks associated with the pollutants:

15. Technology to Control Air Pollution
Stationary sources
Scrubbers…
Reduce pollution in material being burned
Higher stacks (greater dilution)
Hotter temperatures (more rapid dispersal)
Mobile Sources
Catalytic converters
Cleaner fuels
Inspections

16. Legislation to Control Air Pollution
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)
Common Pollutants
Criteria Pollutants
Mobile Sources
Acid Rain
Toxic Air Pollution
Stratospheric Ozone
Mobile Sources
Cleaner Cars
Catalytic converters
Lead and other toxins
Reformulated Gasoline
Low Sulfur Fuels
Alternative Fuels
Cleaner Trucks and Buses
Transportation Policies
Inspection and Maintenance Programs

17. Stationary Sources Industry Based Approach BAT/BPT (LAER)
Attainment Areas
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
Non-Attainment Areas
All nonattainment New Source Review (NSR) programs have to require
(1) the installation of the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER),
(2) emission offsets, and
(3) opportunity for public involvement.
(4) Control of Mobile Sources

18. Ozone Depletion

19. Acid Precipitation Effects on the Environment Human health
Release of materials from the soil (heavy metals)
Buildings and Structures
Causes decay of concrete (bridges, dams)
Damage to statues
Ecosystem
Forest Decline
Direct Foliar Damage
Increased leaching of nutrients
Increased vulnerability to pest damage
Wildlife
Damage to eggs (fish and amphibians)
Damage to juvenile fish
Water quality effects
At low pH levels damage to adult fish can occur
1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act

20. Global Distillation Effect

21. Indoor Air Pollution