1. Classification of Protista & Fungi

2. Kingdom Protista This kingdom is in the Eukarya Domain
Little is known of the evolutionary relationships of its members
Similar features are just as likely to be due to convergent evolution as they are due to recent common ancestry
Protists can be algae/plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like, unicellular, or occasionally multicellular

3. Algae-Like Protists (or Plant-Like)
Autotrophic; obtain energy via photosynthesis
1. Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
1-3 Flagella
Can become heterotrophic in darkness
Eyespot: phototaxis
2. Dinoflagellata (dinoflagellates)
2 Flagella
Some bioluminescent
Some produce nerve toxins which accumulate in shellfish & can cause illness

4. Algae-Like Protists (or Plant-Like)
3. Chrysophyta (golden algae)
2 Flagella
Golden or Yellow
4. Bacillariophyta (diatoms)
Have tests (shells) with silica (SiO2)
5. Chlorophyta (green algae)
Contain chlorophyll a and b
Cellulose cell walls
Various gamete types
Form colonies (some large – volvox)
Ancestors of plants?

5. Algae-Like Protists (or Plant-Like)
6. Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Multicellular
Flagellated sperm cells
Seaweeds, Kelps
7. Rhodophyta (red algae)
Red accessory pigments (phycobilins)
Gametes have no flagella

6. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoa)
Heterotrophic; get energy from living things or dead organic matter
1. Rhizopoda (Amoebas)
Move by extensions of the body called pseudopodia (also encircles food and absorbs via phagocytosis)
2. Foraminifera (Forams)
Have tests usually made of calcium carbonate
Ancient marine deposits rich in certain foram tests are good indicators of underlying oil deposits

7. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoa)
3. Zoomastigophora (zooflagellates)
Some mutualistically digest cellulose in the guts of termites
Others are parasites: Trypanosoma is one transmitted by tsetse flies and causes African sleeping sickness
4. Sporozoa
Parasites of animals
No physical means of motility
Form spores that can be dispersed and live parts of their life cycle in animals (malaria, for example)

8. Animal-Like Protists (Protozoa)
5. Ciliophora
Distinguished by their cilia, for motion
Specialized structures like mouths, anal pores, contractile vacuoles (water balance)

9. Fungus-Like Protists
Resemble fungi because they form either filaments or spore-bearing bodies similar to the fungi
1. Acrasiomycota (cellular slime molds)
Exhibit both fungus-like and animal-like characteristics during their life cycle
Spores germinate to amoebas which feed on bacteria
When food gone, they aggregate to one unit and migrate as a slug
Cells then form stalks with a spore bearing capsule on top similar to fungi

10. Fungus-Like Protists 2. Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds)
Grow as a single spreading mass (plasmodium) feeding on decaying veg.
When environment dessicates, stalks bearing spore capsules form
Haploid spores released from the capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells, which fuse to form a diploid cell
The diploid cell grows into a spreading plasmodium

11. Fungus-Like Protists 3. Oomycota
Water molds, downy mildews, and white rusts
Parasites or Saprobes
Form filaments (hyphae) which secrete enzymes that digest surrounding substances for absorption and digestion
Multinucleated cells
Cell walls made of cellulose, rather than the chitin found in true fungi

12. Kingdom Fungi Grow as filaments called hyphae
A mass of hyphae is called mycelium
Some fungi have septa (cross walls), which divide the filament into compartments containing a single nucleus
When the lack septa, they are called coenocytic (multinucleated)
Cell walls consist of chitin (nitrogen-containing polysaccharide)

13. Kingdom Fungi
Either parasites or saprobes, absorbing the breakdown products from the action of digestive enzymes they secrete
Many parasitic fungi have hyphae called haustoria that penetrate their host for nutrient absorption

14. Fungi Sex
Mostly haploid, but most form temporary diploid structures for sexual reproduction… stages:
1. Plasmogamy – fusing cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell with nuclei from both strains. Pair of haploid nuclei (1 from each strain) is called a dikaryon.
2. Karyogamy – fusing of the two haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus.
3. Meiosis – the diploid nucleus restores haploid condition. Daughter cells develop into haploid spores, which germinate and form haploid hyphae.

15. Fungi Asexual Reproduction
Various means:
Fragmentation: breaking up of hyphae
Budding: pinching off of small hyphal outgrowth
Asexual spores:
Sporangiospores – produced in saclike capsules called sporangia that are borne on a stalk called a sporangiophore
Conidia – formed at the tips of specialized hyphae, not enclosed inside sacs. Hyphae bearing conidia are called conidiophores

16. Fungus Groups 1. Zygomycota 2. Ascomycota Lack septa
Reproduce sexually by fusion of hyphae from different strains
Example: Bread Mold
2. Ascomycota
Have septa
Reproduce sexually by producing 8 haploid ascospores in a sac called an ascus
Examples: yeasts, powdery mildews, truffles

17. Fungus Groups 3. Basidiomycota 4. Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)
Have septa
Reproduce sexually by producing haploid basidiospores
Fruiting body: basidiocarp (mushroom)
4. Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)
No sexual reproductive cycle has been observed
Example: Penicillium

18. Fungus Groups
5. Lichens
Mutualistic associations between fungi and algae
Algae provides sugar from photosynthesis, sometimes N
Fungus provides water and protection from the environment, sometimes shield algae from UV radiation, excess light, or even toxic substances for discouraging grazers

19. Fungus Groups 6. Mycorrhizae
Mutualistic associations between fungi and roots of plants
Plant provides sugars to the fungus
Fungus increases the ability of the roots to absorb water and minerals, especially phosphorus