1. Anjar substation control building with
Damaged wall inside
Anjar substation control building with
Damaged wall inside
Anjar substation control building with
temporary support column

2. Buildings located near
steep slopes
Buildings located near
steep slopes. Must be away from steep slopes for better resistance to forces.

3. located on filled – up soil
Buildings
located on filled – up soil
Buildings
located on filled – up soil
should be avoided

4. filled – up soil should be provided
Buildings located on
filled – up soil should be provided
Buildings located on
filled – up soil should be provided
with raft on pile foundations

5. Addition of shear walls to decrease span of diaphragm

6. Shape of Buildings
Shape of Buildings

7. The optimal (regular) seismic configuration

8. Buildings with irregular configuration

9. Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral resistance

10. Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral stiffness

11. Typical analytical diagram of earthquake forces

12. For complicated configuration more than two axes may be used for analysis

13. Earthquake forces on buildings

14. Earthquake forces: The reality

15. Earthquake forces acting on a large building

16. Localized strength and stiffness

17. Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames- not recommended.

18. Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended

19. Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended
Discontinuity in Diaphragm Stiffness

20. Diaphragm openings
Diaphragm openings

21. Buildings with offsets

23. Damage to buildings with offsets

24. Damage to buildings with offsets

25. Re-entrant Corner
Re-entrant Corner

26. Irregularity in masses

27. Elastic and Plastic behavior of mild steel

28. Response Spectra
Response Spectra

29. Beam Reinforcement
Beam Reinforcement

30. Transverse Reinforcement in Column

31. Column and Joint Detailing

32. Beam Column Intersection

33. of shallow foundations
Examples
of shallow foundations
Examples
of shallow foundations
(a) Combined footing;
(b) Combined
trapezoidal footing;
(c) Cantilever or strap
footing;
(d) Octagonal footing;
(e) Eccentric loaded
footing with resultant
coincident with area
so soil pressure is
uniform

34. Examples of mat foundations (a) Flat plate; (b) plate thickened under
columns; (c) beam- and-slab; (d) plate with pedestals; (e) basement walls as part of mat

35. Common types of cast-in-place concrete piles: (a) Uncased pile; (b) Franki uncased-pedestal pile; (c) Franki cased-pedestal pile;
Common types of cast-in-place concrete piles:
(a) Uncased pile; (b) Franki uncased-pedestal pile; (c) Franki cased-pedestal pile;
(d) Welded or seamless pipe pile; (e) Cased pile using a thin sheet shell;
(f) mono-tube pile; (g) Uniform tapered pile; (h) step-tapered pile.

36. Typical pile configurations

37. Common types of earth retaining structures

38. Common types of earth retaining structures
Separation Joints
Common types of earth retaining structures