1. Review
In 1800, 3% of people lived in cities. Today that % is closer to:
a) 10% b) 25% c) 50% d) 75%
Urbanization has ________ in MDCs, but is still ____________ in LDCs
Why are cities still growing in LDCs?

2. Where are people distributed within urban areas?
Ch. 13 Urban Patterns
Where are people distributed within urban areas?

3. 3 Models of Urban Structure
Help explain where different types of people live in an urban area
Not random
Model = simple form of reality
Describe the internal social structure of cities

4. Concentric Zone Model
1923, Burgess (sociologist) – 1st model of this kind
Chicago is most often cited as an example of this model

5. Concentric Zone Model
In theory, each ring represents different economic activity b/c the value of land decreases as you move away from the core
A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings (tree)
Size & width of rings varies from city to city
Criticisms:
cities rarely have clear “zones”
only really applicable in USA
Created before transportation factors

6. Cont’d… 5 Zones: innermost: CBD (nonresidential)
2nd zone: in transition w/ industry & poorer-quality housing (immigrants)
3rd zone: working-class homes
4th zone: newer houses for middle-class
5th zone: commuter zone

7. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

8. Sector Model 1939, Homer Hoyt (land economist)
When cities have corridors of different types of development that radiate outward like spokes from the CBD
Certain areas of city are more attractive, as city grows, expand outward in wedge from center
Toronto?

10. What is similar about these 2 models?
Poorest are closest to the CBD
Buffering
Both assume urban growth & development outward from a single source (the CBD, most likely the original site of the city)

11. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

12. Multiple Nuclei Model 1945, Harris & Ullman (geographers)
When cities don’t have a distinct CBD, but rather have several “nodes” of business activity
Example: LA has a small downtown but many nodes
Some activities are attracted to certain nodes (Airport, university)
Incompatible land-use activities will avoid clustering in same areas

13. Geographic Application
Critics point out that the models are too simple and may be too dated to explain contemporary urban patterns in the U.S. or in other countries
None of the 3 models by itself explains patterns (simplistic), but if they are combined, they help explain where different types of people live w/in a city
Models show that people prefer to live near others w/ the same characteristics (homogeneous)

14. Geographic Applications of the Models
Examples
Concentric Zone Model
Families in newer houses tend to live in an outer ring
Families in older houses tend to live in an inner ring
Sector Model
Given two families who own their homes, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector as the family with a lower income.
Nuclei Model
People with same ethnic background are likely to live near each other.

15. Factorial Ecology of Toronto, (Murdie, 1969)
259 census tracts and 109 variables
3 groups of variables
Social Status – (income, education, occupation, home value)
- sectors
Family Status – (average age, family size, married, single)
- generally younger families with children live farther away
- concentric rings
Ethnic Status – (language, race, religion)
- desire to live in clusters
- cultural segregation may be both sought and vigorously defended
- social and economic barriers to movement outside of these
clusters (node) (Korean and Blacks in L.A.)
- multi-nuclei

16. European Cities?? Can we apply these models to Europe?
In contrast to most cities in US, wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings of high-class sector
weekend homes
Poor in apartments, in city outskirts
(suburbs = high crime, drugs, violence)
high density to avoid sprawl
most of the newer housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants, unlike the U.S.

17. Cont’d… Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles
Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval
High density and compact form - wall around city or low-growth zoning
Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest structure
Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work
Neighbourhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do.
Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive
Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles
Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by city gov’t. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale apartment buildings.

18. LDCs Poor in suburbs, rich live near city center
European colonial policies have left mark on city development
Squatter Settlements (Shanty Towns/Favelas etc.) develop b/c inability to house people in fast growing in cities
Usually the first settle near the bottom of the hills and as time goes by the hill fills upward
few services
33% in Sao Paulo, 85% in Addis Ababa

21. cities struggle to provide jobs and housing services overtaxed
Urbanization in LDCs:
driven by changes in economy
cities struggle to provide jobs and housing
services overtaxed
squatter settlements common
crime on the rise
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

23. Rio de Janeiro
Rich Poor

24. Problems caused by growth of Shanty towns
No services i.e.. Doctors, water, toilets, electric.
Disease can spread quickly.
Crime.
No education.
Fire hazards.
Rubbish/pollution.
Houses situated on unsafe land.
Low standard of living.

26. Education in Favelas
In Rio, schooling is divided by address of residency. Because of this, faveladors are not allowed to attend these schools. If a parent has a connection or job with one of the wealthy residents, they can claim that as their home address and allow their children to attend that school.