1. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

2. ‘Fundamentals’ of biogeochemical cycles
All matter cycles...it is neither created nor destroyed...
As the Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter, we can say that all matter on Earth cycles .
Biogeochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling) of matter through a system

3. by matter we mean: elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen) or molecules (water) so the movement of matter (for example carbon) between these parts of the system is, practically speaking, a biogeochemical cycle The Cycling Elements: macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts "big six": carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , phosphorous sulfur

4. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

5. CONNECTS ALL OF THE CYCLES AND SPHERES TOGETHER
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
CONNECTS ALL OF THE CYCLES AND SPHERES TOGETHER

6. HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE
Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and groundwater. (salt water intrusion and groundwater depletion)
Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining, road and building construction. (nonpoint source runoff carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of groundwater)
Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO2, NO3, PO4) and destroying wetlands (natural filters).
Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and increasing soil erosion.

7. Water Quality Degradation

8. MARINE CARBON CYCLE

9. TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE

10. Sources of Carbon from Human Activity
Explain
Natural Sources of
Carbon
Sources of Carbon from Human Activity
Death of plants and animals
Animal waste
Atmospheric CO2
Weathering
Methane gas from cows (and other ruminants)
Aerobic respiration from terrestrial and aquatic life
Burning wood or forests
Cars, trucks, planes
Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas to produce heat and energy.

11. Carbon in Oceans Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.
Many animals pull carbon from water to use in shells, etc.
Animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean.
Oceans contain earth’s largest store of carbon.

13. IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
CARBON IS THE BACKBONE OF LIFE!

14. 1. What is no part of the water cycle. A. Precipitation B
1. What is no part of the water cycle? A. Precipitation B. Percolation C. Transpiration D. Surface Runoff E. Boiling 2. Which is not a man made way of adding carbon to the carbon cycle? A. Airplanes B. Natural Fires C. Cars D. Burning fossil fuels 3. What are the predictions for how much carbon will be added from fossil fuels? A. Low B. Medium-Low C. Medium D. High
1. E 2. B 3. D

15. The Nitrogen Cycle

16. Sources Lightning Inorganic fertilizers Nitrogen Fixation
Animal Residues
Crop residues
Organic fertilizers

18. Forms of Nitrogen Urea  CO(NH2)2 Ammonia  NH3 (gaseous)
Ammonium  NH4
Nitrate  NO3
Nitrite  NO2
Atmospheric Dinitrogen N2
Organic N

19. Global Nitrogen Reservoirs
Metric tons nitrogen
Actively cycled
Atmosphere
3.9*1015 No
Ocean  soluble salts
Biomass
6.9*1011
5.2*108
Yes
Land  organic matter
 Biota
1.1*1011
2.5*1010
Slow

20. Roles of Nitrogen
Plants and bacteria use nitrogen in the form of NH4+ or NO3-
It serves as an electron acceptor in anaerobic environment
Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in soil and water.

21. Nitrogen is a key element for
amino acids
nucleic acids (purine, pyrimidine)
cell wall components of bacteria (NAM).

22. Nitrogen Cycles Ammonification/mineralization Immobilization
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Denitrification

23. R-NH2
NH4
NO2
NO3 NO
N2O N2

24. Which of the following is not part of the Nitrogen Cycle?
A) Ammonification
B) Nitrification
C) Denitrosation
D) Nitrogen Fixation
E) Denitrification
In what form(s) do plants and bacteria use nitrogen?
A) NH4+
B) NH3
C) NO3-
D) A and C
E) All of the above
What is the molecular formula for ammonium?
A) NH4+
B) NH3
C) NO3
D) NO2
E) none of the above
C) Denitrosation
D) A and C
A) NH4+

25. Ammonification or Mineralization
NH4
NO2
R-NH2 NO
NO2
NO3

26. Mineralization or Ammonification
Decomposers: earthworms, termites, slugs, snails, bacteria, and fungi
Uses extracellular enzymes  initiate degradation of plant polymers
Microorganisms uses:
Proteases, lysozymes, nucleases to degrade nitrogen containing molecules

27. Plants die or bacterial cells lyse  release of organic nitrogen
Organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic nitrogen (NH3)
When pH<7.5, converted rapidly to NH4
Example:
Urea NH3 + 2 CO2

28. Immobilization The opposite of mineralization
Happens when nitrogen is limiting in the environment
Nitrogen limitation is governed by C/N ratio
C/N typical for soil microbial biomass is 20
C/N < 20 Mineralization
C/N > 20 Immobilization

29. Nitrogen Fixation N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2 NO
NO2
NO3

30. Nitrogen Fixation Energy intensive process :
N2 + 8H+ + 8e ATP = 2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP + 16 Pi
Performed only by selected bacteria and actinomycetes
Performed in nitrogen fixing crops
(ex: soybeans)

31. Microorganisms fixing
Azobacter
Beijerinckia
Azospirillum
Clostridium
Cyanobacteria
Require the enzyme nitrogenase
Inhibited by oxygen
Inhibited by ammonia (end product)

32. Rates of Nitrogen Fixation
N2 fixing system
Nitrogen Fixation (kg N/hect/year)
Rhizobium-legume
Cyanobacteria- moss
30-40
Rhizosphere associations
2-25
Free- living
1-2
Rhizobium-legume
Cynaobacteria-moss
Rhizosphere associations
Free-living

34. Immobilization is the opposite of which process in the cycle?
A) Mineralization
B) Nitrification
C) Immobilization
D) Nitrogen Fixation
E) Denitrification
What process takes place when nitrogen is limiting in the environment?
A) Mineralization
B) Nitrification
C) Immobilization
D) Nitrogen Fixation
E) Denitrification
Which has the highest rate of nitrogen fixation?
A) Rhizobium-legume
B) Cynaobacteria-moss
C) Rhizosphere associations
D) Free-living
E) Azobacter
Mineralization
Immobilization
Rhizobium-legume

35. Applications to wetlands
Occur in overlying waters
Aerobic soil
Anaerobic soil
Oxidized rhizosphere
Leaf or stem surfaces of plants

36. Bacterial Fixation Occurs mostly in salt marshes
Is absent from low pH peat of northern bogs
Cyanobacteria found in waterlogged soils

37. Nitrification N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2 NO
NO2
NO3

38. Nitrification Two step reactions that occur together :
1rst step catalyzed by Nitrosomonas
2 NH O2  2 NO2- +2 H2O+ 4 H+
2nd step catalyzed by Nitrobacter
2 NO2- + O2  2 NO3-

39. If pH < 6.0  rate is slowed If pH < 4.5  reaction is inhibited
Optimal pH is between
If pH < 6.0  rate is slowed
If pH < 4.5  reaction is inhibited
In which type of wetlands do you thing Nitrification occurs?

40. Denitrification N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2 NO
NO2
NO3

41. Denitrification Removes a limiting nutrient from the environment
4NO3- + C6H12O6 2N2 + 6 H20
Inhibited by O2
Not inhibited by ammonia
Microbial reaction
Nitrate is the terminal electron acceptor

42. Looking at the Nitrogen cycle through the eye of NH4

44. Denitrication is inhibited by A) NH3 B) NH4+ C) NO2- D) O2
The second step of Nitrification is catalyzed by
A) Nitrosomonas
B) Clostridium
C) Azobacter
D) Nitrobacter
E) Beijerinckia
Which pH is within the optimal range for nitrication?
A) 1.5
B) 4.6
C) 7.1
D) 8.7
E) 10.9
D) O2
D) Nitorbacter
C) 7.1

45. Surface water
Low [NH4]
Oxidized layer
Biodegradation
Reduced soil layer
Slow Diffusion
C/N <20
C/N >20
[NH4] HIGH

46. Surface water
nitrification
Low [NH4]
Oxidized layer
[NO3] high
Reduced soil layer
Slow Diffusion
[NH4] HIGH

47. N2
Surface water
Oxidized layer
[NO3] high
Leaching
Reduced soil layer
[NO3] Low
Denitrification

48. PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

49. HUMAN IMPACTS TO PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
Humans mine LARGE quantities of phosphate rock to use in commercial fertilizers and detergents. Phosphorous is NOT found as a gas, only as a solid in the earth’s crust. It takes millions to hundreds of millions of years to replenish.
Phosphorous is held in the tissue of the trees and vegetation, not in the soil and as we deforest the land, we remove the ability for phosphorous to replenish globally in ecosystems.
Cultural eutrophication – ad excess phosphate to aquatic ecosystems in runoff of animal wastes from livestock feedlots, runoff of commercial phosphate fertilizers fro cropland, and discharge of municipal sewage.

50. IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
1.Phosphorous is an essential nutrient of both plants and animals.
2. It is part of DNA molecules which carry genetic information.
3. It is part of ATP and ADP) that store chemical energy for use by organisms in cellular respiration.
4. Forms phospholipids in cell membranes of plants and animal cells.
5. Forms bones, teeth, and shells of animals as calcium phosphate compounds.

51. The Oxygen cycle

52. 1. The Phosphorus Cycle takes A. Short time B
1. The Phosphorus Cycle takes A. Short time B. 20 years to fully cycle through C. 100 years to cycle through D. Geological Timescal 2. What percentage of sulfur is emmited buy human activity? A. .01% B. 20% C. 33.3% D. 66.7% E. Over 90% 3. The vast majority of oxygen in the ecosphere is in A. Outer space B. Lithosphere C. Atmosphere D. Hydrosphere
1. D 2. c 3. b

53. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis: occurs within the chloroplasts of green plants. The photosynthetic membranes are arranged in flattened sacs called the thylakoids.
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O light
(reactants) (products)
Function: Chemical energy
Storage for cell use

54. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration occurs in light simultaneously with photosynthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
It is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis.
Function = chemical energy release
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O CO2 + 12H2O chemical energy
(reactants) (products)

55. Primary Productivity Connection
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given period of time.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy; equal to the difference between energy produced through photosynthesis and energy used for cellular respiration.

57. “GOOD OZONE UP HIGH”

58. PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG “BAD OZONE DOWN LOW”

59. OZONE DEPLETION

60. ACID DEPOSITION

61. CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION

62. Cultural Eutrophication & Anoxia
Eutrophication: natural process; over 1000’s of years, lakes fill in with sediment, become marshes then dry land
Cultural Eutrophication: same process, but speeded enormously by loading with “limiting nutrients” (typically P, sometimes N)
Problems associated with cultural eutrophication
Algal blooms
Water anoxia

63. Works Cited http://science.pppst.com/carboncycle.html
westernreservepublicmedia.org/earthmotion3/images/Carbon_Cycle.ppt
clima-dods.ictp.it/d3/annalisa/ocean_sv/lecture1.ppt