1. SKATES AND RAYS:
Have greatly enlarged pectoral fins and much reduced dorsal and caudal fins - pectoral fins for forward motion
Rays move by bringing their fins up and down in the water - like wings
Skates travel by creating a wave that sweeps along the fin - they glide along the bottom
They have gills on their undersides and spiracles on the dorsal side - water enters through the spiracles and exits through the gills

2. RAYS:
Electric rays have organs in their heads that produce electric current
Stingrays have hollow barbs connecting to poison glands
Most rays are ovoviviparous, whereas skates are oviparous
Sawfish are related - have barbs on rostrum

3. CLASS OSTEICTHYES: THE BONY FISHES

4. BONY FISHES
The coelacanth and marine sturgeon are two of the most primitive bony fishes
The coelacanth (a lobe-finned fish) are found deep in the Pacific - until recently (1938) they were believed to be extinct
Marine sturgeons exhibit a heterocercal tail and have ganoid scales - which are thick and heavy scales, like armor

5. SCALES

6. A LIVING FOSSIL!

7. MODERN BONY FISH:
Modern bony fish have homocercal tails and their vertebral column does not extend down into the caudal fin
They have either cycloid or cteniod scales which are lighter and more flexible - beneficial for faster swimming
Possess both paired and unpaired fins - dorsal/ventral fins aid in stability and the paired fins are used to steer

9. BONY FISH

10. BODY SHAPE:
The streamlined body plan reduces drag from the water - allowing efficient movement
Shape is determined by the area in which the fish lives
Active swimmers have a fusiform body plan - examples are tuna and marlin
Bottom dwelling fishes, like flounder, have flattened bodies

11. BODY SHAPE - contd...
Fish with sedentary lifestyles tend to have a globular body form (wider towards the belly) - example toadfish
Coral reef fishes are laterally compressed to navigate tight areas between coral
Burrowing fishes or those that live in tight areas, such as eels, have snakelike bodies and reduced appendages

12. COLOR: Color also depends on where the fish lives
The color comes from chromatophores that are located just underneath the transparent scales
Fish that live in the deep sea exhibit obliterative countershading - dark on top and light colored underneath
Many coral reef fish use disruptive coloring - lines or spots are used to confuse predators

13. LOCOMOTION
Bony fish move by their trunk muscles - one side will contract and then the other, moving the tail from side to side and creating forward movement
Fish that swim slowly, like the eel, tend to undulate their entire body, whereas fast swimming fishes tend to primarily use their tails - this decreases the drag in the water

15. THE SWIM BLADDER:
A gas filled sac that helps to offset the fish’s density and keep them neutrally buoyant
Specialized networks of blood vessels add/remove the gases - this is necessary to stabilize buoyancy at varying levels
Fast swimming fishes do not have swim bladders because they swim so fast they would not have time to regulate gas levels - like sharks they must swim constantly to keep from sinking - ex. Yellowfin Tuna

16. RESPIRATION:
Gills remove oxygen from the water and filter out carbon dioxide
The gills are composed of rod-like structures called gill filaments
These filaments are highly vascularized - the vessels run in the opposite direction of water flow - more efficient gas exchange
The operculum protects the gills and aids in respiration

18. SALINITY PROBLEMS:
The salinity is much lower in the tissues of marine fish than it is in their surrounding habitat - they tend to lose water through their gills
They compensate by drinking seawater - however this brings too much salt into the fish - they deal with this three ways

19. Three ways to deal with too much salt.
Bony fish have salt secreting cells that line the gills and salt is secreted there
Some are eliminated in the feces
Other salts are secreted by the kidneys - a limited amount of urine is produced to help prevent additional water loss