1. Modern Thought [ ]:

2. Characteristics Materialism Higher standard of living
Development “zones”
Inner Zone  Br, Fr, Ger, Belg, Outer Zone  Ire., Iberian Pen., most of Italy, Europe east of Ger.
Underdeveloped Zone  Afro-Asia

3.  European Population
 of Cities & Urban Life
Migration from Europe
 60 million left Europe
Went to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia/N.Zeal.

4. Corporations  limited liability of investments & stocks.
Mass production.
Free Trade [esp. in GB]
World Markets [Global Economy, Part II]
Advance of Democracy
Extension of the vote to the working class.
Creating a “welfare state.”
Germany -> GB

5. The Appeal of Socialism
Rise of socialist marxist parties [esp. Ger. & Fr.]
Not very successful in England.

6. 10. Faith in Science Alone
Science is at the core of industrialization.
Charles Darwin - Evolution
Origin of Species [1859]
“survival of the fittest”
Variations of species allow some to survive while others die out – Natural Selection

7. Reinforced secularists like Marx
Challenged religion
Religion was on the defensive, esp in cities

8. [con’t.]
“Social Darwinism”  Herbert Spenser
Poor – ill-fated weak
Prosperous – chosen strong
Later used to justify the conquest of weaker people
Eugenics – using genetics & selective breeding to improve the human race

9. D. Mendeleev (Russian)- use of periodic table
[con’t.]
D. Mendeleev (Russian)- use of periodic table
Marie Curie (French)- discovered radioactivity (radium, polonium)
Joseph Lister - anesthesia

10. Louis Pasteur  Germ Theory of Disease; Bacteria
Microbiology
Louis Pasteur  Germ Theory of Disease; Bacteria
Pasteurization  Process of suppressing the growth of micro organisms by heating & then chilling

12. New Physics
Einstein  “Theory of Relativity” Time & Space are Relative
- Infinite Universe -> Subatomic world
E=MC2 even a particle of mass contains an enormous amount of potential energy

13. Max Planck – Quantum Physics
Atoms may not be stable & indestructible
Ernest Rutherford
Split the Atom

14. The Interpretation of Dreams [1900]
Psychology
Sigmund Freud  psychoanalysis
The Interpretation of Dreams [1900]
The role of the sub-conscious [impact of repressed strong feelings] – we’re driven by sexual, aggressive & pleasure-seeking desires
Humans are largely irrational
Problems related to childhood

15. New Trends in Philosophy
Agnosticism – Uncertain about existence of God

16. Friedrich Nietzsche “God is Dead”
Claimed religion squashed individualism and led to weakness, envy, mediocrity
Some humans could & should evolve to a higher level- use of courage & willpower
Only the creativity of a few supermen could successfully reorder the world
Later used by Hitler

17. 12. Internal Religious Struggles
Rise of Science challenged the church
Syllabus of Errors 1864 Pope Pius IX
Condemned liberalism, nationalism, socialism
Rerum Novarum Pope Leo XIII 1891
Condemned Socialism, Marxism but defended private property (Capitalism)
Advocated for welfare & laws that protected workers

18. Anti-Semitism
Dreyfus Affair
Alexander III & the Pale
Women’s Movement
Suffrage & Other Rights
“New” Imperialism
Militarism  glorification of war
WWI ruined this

19. Modern Art & Literature

20. Literature

21. The “Lost Generation” Term used to describe the WWI generation
WWI led to pessimism & criticism of materialism – Cynical about life & society
Writing reflected this

22. “Lost Generation” Authors
Erich Maria Remarque (All Quiet on the Western Front)
T.S. Eliot (The Waste Land)
Gertrude Stein (3 Lives)
Ernest Hemingway (A Farewell to Arms)

23. All Quiet on the Western Front 1929
Erich Maria Remarque
All Quiet on the Western Front 1929
Powerful novel that detailed the horrors of trench warfare during WWI

24. Gertrude Stein

25. Gertrude Stein
Coined the term “The Lost Generation”
Drove supplies to the French troops
Experience in WWI Europe heavily influenced her art & writing

26. “The Waste Land” TS Eliot Most famous long poem of the 20th Century
Depicted a world of growing desolation

27. Ernest Hemingway

28. Ernest Hemingway One of the most celebrated US authors
Was an ambulance driver in Europe during WWI
Wrote “Farewell to Arms”
Disillusionment of war, cynicism