1. The Catholic Reformation

2. Pope Paul III initially presided during the Counter-Reform period and the Council of Trent.

3. Council of Trent objectives:
Stop Protestant gains and reform the Catholic Church

4. Pope Paul III feared the loss of authority and financial advantages, and like many popes, was not enthusiastic about reform.

5. Ultimately, the Council of Trent convened three sessions that dealt with reform and doctrine matters. Popes did not attend but sent their representatives.

6. The 3 sessions of the Council of Trent met over a period of 18 years and 4 Popes.

7. Voting at the Council was limited to higher clergy

8. Italian domination of the proceedings at the start:
4 out of the 5 attending archbishops
21 out of the 23 attending bishops

9. First Session Results (1545-7)
Scripture and tradition were to be of equal authority
Good works were upheld
Seven sacraments were considered necessary

10. Internal Church Discipline:
Curtailed selling of offices and religious goods
Bishops required to actually live in their diocese rather than Rome

11. Priests were required to improve their images by dressing neatly, being well educated, strictly celibate and active in the parish.

12. Seminary construction was to take place in every diocese to ensure improvement in the quality of priests.

13. Charles V was angered that the first session did nothing to limit the power and position of the pope. It merely highlighted differences between Catholicism and Protestantism.

14. Second Session (1551-2)
Charles V insisted that Protestants attend the session.
Protestant Demands:
All bishops should be relieved from an oath of obedience to the Papacy.
The authority of the councils should be made superior to the Papacy.

15. Doctrine of transubstantiation was affirmed
Pilgrimages and penances were to be upheld

16. The Pope’s power remained absolute and the Protestants were snubbed.

17. Third Session (1563-4) clerical celibacy was upheld
the veneration of images and relics was upheld
bishops were to ordain only suitable men and supervise their  moral life

18. What emerged from the Council of Trent?
Pope was supreme in the Catholic Church. (Only those reforms agreed to by the pope were passed).

19. 2) No allowances for Christian Humanism or liberal Catholicism.

20. 3) Great improvement of the quality of bishops and clergy.

21. 4) Clearly defined Catholic doctrine and greater centralization of government.

22. St. Peter’s Basilica represented the resurgence of the Catholic Church after their reformation.

26. Gianlorenzo Bernini’s, Ecstasy of St. Teresa 1647-52

28. St Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan religious order, was adopted as an icon of the Counter-Reformation.

29. The Calling of St. Matthew, 1599-1600
Portraits of saints, painted as if from life, brought Catholics face to face with their spiritual heroes.

30. The Martyrdom of St. Peter, 1601

31. Ignatius of Loyola:
Founder of the Society of Jesus, a.k.a. Jesuits

32. Jesuit Traits:
Strict Discipline
Devotion to Pope
Simple Lives (Monks)
Help the Poor

33. Jesuits set up schools and taught secular as well as theological subjects.

34. Jesuits were known for their dedicated missionary work all around the world.