1. Geographic Toolbox Types of Geography ***Geo Connections WS
Physical Geography:
regards the natural environment, such as…
Human Geography:
regards the environment as
it pertains to human
uses such as…
***Geo Connections WS

2. Types of Projections
ALL map projects are distorted views of the earth’s surface!!!
*A globe is the only accurate method to represent the earth because it is a sphere just like the earth
The Mercator Projection is one particular map which is very distorted
To make a flat map from a round globe, cartographers ‘unwrapped’ the globe and stretched the northern (and southern) regions to make them flat
All lines of latitude and longitude are seen as straight lines
Created by the British as accurate naval navigation charts

4. Types of Projections
Mercator cont.
The problem is that any northern nation then looks stretched and larger than it really is
i.e. Canada, Greenland, Europe look BIG, while Africa, South America and other equatorial regions look smaller

5. Types of Projections
The Winkel Tripel (1998) projection attempts to correct the distortions seen on maps
Curved lines of latitude and longitude show less distortion in the size of the northern regions
Gives us a less ethnocentric view of the world
***Workbook examples

7. An odd map???

8. Map Projections Large Scale maps
Show a great amount of detail about a small area
Used for residential planning, hiking maps…
Examine Figure 5 (page 6)

9. Map Projections Small Scale maps
Show a small amount of detail of a large area
Used for political maps, physical maps, world maps…
Examine figure 3.11 (page 60)
Examine figure 11.9 (page 195)

10. Map Projections
Small Scale examples…

11. Types of Maps General Purpose Maps
Provide many different types of information on one map
i.e. roads, hospitals, rivers, cities, forests…
Examine figure 11 (page 11)
Thematic Maps
Provide information on one specific characteristic or topic
I.e. elevation, vegetation, population density…
Examine figure 16 (page 18), Figure 3.10 (page 59
***Types of Maps WS

12. General Purpose Map
Ottawa Road
map

13. Thematic Map: Poverty Rates

14. Compass Points and Bearings
Compass points are used to show general direction
North is always identified on any map created
Cardinal Points: N, E, S, W
Ordinal Points: NNE, NE, ENE, ESE, SE…

15. Compass Points and Bearings
Bearing Points are given in exact degrees measuring angles
***Compass Points WS

16. Types of Mapping Symbols
Point Symbols
Show a specific item or location on a map
I.e. city, hospital, museum…

17. Types of Mapping Symbols
Linear Symbols
Show items on maps that connect and travel long distances
Usually variations of lines are used to show the location of longitudinal items
I.e. roads, highways, rail ways, rivers…

18. Types of Mapping Symbols
Region Symbols
Show items or locations that make up self enclosed areas on a map
Usually take up large areas of a map, so regions are outlined or shaded to identify them
I.e. provincial parks, provinces, lakes, marshes…
***Map Symbols WS

19. Grid Systems Alphanumeric Grids
‘Uses letters and numbers to identify squares in a grid pattern’
letters and numbers always refer to either a row or column of squares
i.e. A12, K5, Q18…
Examine figure 11 (page 11)
***Alpha Numeric WS

20. Grid Systems Military Grids
Use 6 digit numbers to identify specific locations on map grids
Numbers are used as ‘Eastings’ and ‘Northings’ to locate items on a map
Numbers refer to the grid lines that appear on the map
Always read towards the east first, then up towards the north
Each grid number is also broken down into tenths
I.e
***Military Grid WS

22. Latitude and Longitude
No matter where you are on the face of the earth, your location can be identified by your latitude and longitude coordinate (address)
Read the vertical axis N or S (latitude) first, then horizontal axis E or W (longitude) second

23. Latitude and Longitude
Latitude lines: measure how far north or south a place is
The equator is the starting point for all lines of latitude
All latitude lines run east-west around the globe
Ottawa is located 45 degrees north of the equator

24. Latitude and Longitude
Longitude lines: measure how far east or west a place is
The Prime Meridian is the starting point for all the lines of longitude
All longitude lines run north-south around the globe until they meet on the reverse side at 180 degrees
Ottawa is located 75 degrees west of the prime meridian
Examine figure 14 (page 16)
***Lat. Long WS

25. S c a l e s

26. Distance Scales Direct Statement Scale
Use words to describe the relationship between a distance on a map and a distance on the earth’s surface
I.e. ‘1cm to 10 km’ means every 1 cm you measure on the map is 10 km in real life
Examine figure 10 (page 10)

27. Distance Scales Line Scale
Uses a bar or a line to show/ describe scale
Easiest to use – don’t even need a ruler!
Examine figure 11 (page 11)

28. Distance Scales Representative Fraction Scale
Uses numbers in a ratio to explain scale
1: means 1cm on the map = cm on the ground
1 : 100,000 the magic #!!!
100,000cm in a km
Good because… they can be used by anyone in the world, using any unit of measure!!!
1 : 1000 = small scale VS. 1 : 5,000,000 = large scale
***Scale WS