1. Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Benjamin Dong
Jack Szymanski
Joseph Tang

2. Tissue BEN Tissue: a group of specialized cells. 4 major types:
Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue

3. 1. Epithelial Tissue tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer
BEN
1. Epithelial Tissue
tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer
layers cover surfaces and line body cavities.
Basement membrane is like the ground where you build a building
Connected by tight junction protiens – like our stomach connects the cells preventing anything from passing
Adhesion junction – like our skin….allows stretching
And gap junction that allows movement.

4. Types of Epithelium BEN
Glandular- an epithelium that secretes a product (sweat glands/endocrine glands)
Stratified- layer on layer (esophagus)
Squamous – flattened cells (lining blood vessels)
Cuboidal – cube shaped cells (lining the kidney)
Columnar – rectangular pillars (small intestine)

5. 2. Connective Tissue BEN 3 Types of Fibers:
White collagen: contain collagen; are flexible and strong.
Reticular: thin and branched
Elastic: as its name suggests

6. Fibrous Tissues BEN have fibroblasts (fancy term for fiber)
loose connective tissue supports internal organs
adipose holds the fat in
dense connective tissue packs fibers together (e.g. tendons and ligaments)

7. Supportive Connective Tissue
BEN
Supportive Connective Tissue
Cartilage: No blood supply and heals slowly.
Hyaline: nose
Elastic: outer ear
Fibercartilage: withstand pressure
Bone: compact and spongy (e.g. bone marrow makes blood)

8. Fluid Connective Tissue
BEN
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets
Lymph

9. 3. Muscular Tissue Skeletal: voluntary muscles (e.g. biceps)
BEN
3. Muscular Tissue
Skeletal: voluntary muscles (e.g. biceps)
Smooth: involuntary muscles (e.g. stomach)
Cardiac: involuntary muscles in the heart

10. Organs Organ: combination of two or more tissues
JACK
Organ: combination of two or more tissues
e.g. kidney: contains epithelial/connective tissues  elimination of waste from blood

11. Organ Systems Organ System: multiple organs working in cohesion
JACK
Organ Systems
Organ System: multiple organs working in cohesion
functions:
waste removal
gas exchange
body coordination
offspring production

12. Body Cavities
JACK
Body cavities: empty spaces in body where internal organs are located
2 vertebrate cavities:
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity.

13. Integumentary System JACK Integumentary system:
Skin
Derivative organs and structures.
Universal function (all animals):
Protect internal organs from:
Physical trauma
Pathogens
Regulate body temperature
Specific functions (some animals):
gas exchange
insulation
flight
water containment

14. JACK
Regions of Skin
2 Regions:
Dermis
Epidermis.
subcutaneous layer

15. Epidermis (Outer Layer)
JACK
Epidermis (Outer Layer)
Stratified squamous epithelium
2 Types:
Thin: contains hair follicles, oil glands
Thick: present on palms of the hands and soles of feet.
Derived from basal cells in skin
Pushed out toward the surface as the surface skin cells are shed.
Keratin: protein that hardens skin
Melanocytes: special cells that produce melanin (skin tone)

16. Dermis (Inner Layer) JACK Dense network of connective tissue
Below the epidermis
Contains:
Collagen/elastic fibers:
Prevents tearing of skin
Allows flexibility
Sensory receptors (respond to external stimuli)

17. JACK
Subcutaneous Layer
Between the dermis and the rest of the body (i.e. Hypodermis)
Technically not part of the skin
Loose connective tissues and adipose tissue (insulation)

18. Accessory Structures JACK Nails: highly compressed, high keratin cells
Oil glands: secret sebum  protect skin/hair follicles
Sweat glands: excrete water/minerals  cool body.
Hair follicles: hair is rooted here (hair = dead hardened epithelial cells)

19. 4. Nervous Tissue JOSEPH Neuron: primary signal transmitter cell
Neuroglia: provides support for neurons

20. JOSEPH
NEURON
3 Parts:
Dendrites: conducts signal to cell body
Axon: conduction of impulses from body
Cell Body: contains the regular cell organelles
Function: transmission of nerve signals throughout body (from brain/spinal cord)
Cannot divide

21. NEUROGLIA JOSEPH Concentrated in brain Functions: Can divide
Nourishment of neurons (hormone glial)
Brain function
Phagocytosis of debris
Can divide

22. JOSEPH
Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment
Includes: regulating temperature/chemical composition
e.g. warm-blooded (homeothermic) v. cold-blooded (poikilothermic)
Controlled by nervous system

23. Examples of Homeostasis
JOSEPH
Examples of Homeostasis
Digestive  provision of nutrients
Respiratory  provision of oxygen/removal of carbon dioxide
Kidneys  removal of excess salts that affect the pH of blood

24. Positive/Negative Feedback
JOSEPH
Positive/Negative Feedback
Negative feedback:
Step 1: abnormality in conditions activates sensor
Step 2: abnormality corrected by control center  deactivates sensor
Positive feedback:
Step 1: change in condition activates sensor
Step 2: change exacerbated by control center

25. fin
Sources:
THE ALMIGHTY TEXTBOOK
+ Google/Bing Images