1. Validation of the Portuguese DSM-IV-MR-J
Filipa Calado1, Joana Alexandre2 & Mark D. Griffiths 1
1 Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
2 ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon University Institute, Portugal

2. Gambling = Problem? Research carried out suggests that:
A large proportion of adolescents gamble in spite of age prohibitions (Volberg et al, 2010; Calado et al, 2017)
Individuals with severe gambling-related problems begin gambling much earlier than those without gambling problems (Burge, Pietrzak & Petry, 2006)
26 October 2017

3. 26 October 2017

4. Portugal Qualitative Study (Calado, Alexandre & Griffiths, 2014)
Gambling plays an important role in youth’s leisure time
Adolescents showed a positive perception towards gambling
26 October 2017

5. This study showed the need to validate psychological instruments to measure youth gambling in the Portuguese community
26 October 2017

6. The present study Goals:
Validate the DSM-IV-MR-J for use among Portuguese adolescents and to examine its’ psychometric properties;
Provide a first prevalence of problem gambling among Portuguese youth;
26 October 2017

7. Participants
753 Portuguese adolescents and young adults aged between 14 and 23 years (mean age= 18.9 years, SD= 2.6);
65.5% males, 34.5% females
26 October 2017

8. 26 October 2017

9. Instruments Sociodemographics and gambling frequency
DSM-IV-Multiple Response-Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) (Fisher, 2000): Instrument to assess problem gambling among young people
26 October 2017

10. Psychosocial Measures:
Instruments
Psychosocial Measures:
Adapted Self-Report Delinquency Scale (Carroll et al, 2009;
Portuguese version: Pechorro et al, 2015);
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21
(Lovibond & Lovibond,1995;
Portuguese version: Pais-Ribeiro, 2004);
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989;
Portuguese version: Pechorro et al, 2011).
26 October 2017

11. Procedure
Translation and back translation of the DSM-IV-MR-J was performed using the steps recommended by Beaton et al (2000).
26 October 2017

12. Analytic strategy and statistical analyses
Descriptive analysis for ascertaining the frequency of gambling and the prevalence of problem gambling;
Assessment of internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient;
26 October 2017

13. Analytic strategy and statistical analyses
c) Assessment of the criterion validity of the DSM-IV-MR-J by examining its correlation with gambling frequency and the psychosocial measures of depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, and delinquency;
d) Assessment of the construct validity of the DSM-IV-J-MR by means of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
26 October 2017

14. 43.2% reported that they had gambled less than once a month;
Results
Descriptives:
43.2% reported that they had gambled less than once a month;
9.1% reported they had gambled once a month;
14.4% reported gambling at least once per week.
26 October 2017

15. Results Prevalence of Problem gambling 3.5% problem gamblers
9% as at risk gamblers
53.5% as social gamblers
33.3% as non-gamblers
26 October 2017

16. Results Internal reliability Cronbach’s alpha: 0.72;
A score of 0.70 or greater is generally considered to be acceptable (Blacker & Endicott, 2002).
26 October 2017

17. Relationship between DSM-IV-MR-J and other psychosocial measures
Criterion validity
Relationship between DSM-IV-MR-J and other psychosocial measures
DSM-IV-MR-J
rho Spearman
Delinquency
0.39**
Depression
0.20**
Anxiety
0.21**
Stress
0.23**
Self-esteem
-0.13**
*p<0.05: **p<0.01; NS Not Significant
26 October 2017

18. DSM-IV-MR-J according to gambling frequency
(Qui-Squared p <0.0001).
26 October 2017

19. DSM-IV-MR-J scores according to the amount of money spent on gambling
(Qui-Squared p <0.0001).
26 October 2017

20. Construct validity
A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the previously established one-factor solution (Fisher, 2000), using Mplus software
26 October 2017

21. The results indicated that a single-factor model adequately represents the structure of the DSM-IV-MR-J (CFI =0.95; TLI= 0.93; RMSEA =.05)
26 October 2017

22. Standardized factor loadings of the Portuguese DSM-IV-MR-J items

23. Discussion
Problem gambling appears to be an issue for some Portuguese youth
The results of the CFA provided support for the previously established unidimensionality of this instrument as the model fitted the data adequately
The Portuguese version of the DSM-IV-MR-J seems to be a valid and reliable instrument
26 October 2017

24. Conclusion
This study provided a new psychometric tool for the Portuguese psychology community
26 October 2017

25. For more information:
Calado, F., Alexandre, J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Portuguese validation of the DSM-IV-MR-J. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14,
23 November 2018

26. Thank you very much for your attention
26 October 2017