1. Agenda diēs Veneris, a.d. xi Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: worksheet 6
Do Now: Review worksheet 6 with a partner/group
Review Worksheet 6 (Translation/Composition Practice)
The Verb Sum: Uses & Present Tense
Enclitics –ne and –que
Pensum:
Annotate Translation #2 (left side copy)
Study Vocab. List #2 (quiz Monday)
Latin 1
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. The Verb Sum

3. The Verb Sum: Conjugating
The verb ‘to be’ (sum, esse, fuī, futurus) is irregular
Stem = irregular (it has 2 present stems)
1. su– 2. es–
BUT, it uses the regular personal endings
Singular
Plural
1st Person –m
–mus
2nd Person –s
–tis
3rd Person –t
–nt

4. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
2nd
3rd

5. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd
3rd

6. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd es
you are
3rd

7. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
2nd es
you are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

8. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

9. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
estis
you (pl.) are
3rd
est
he/she/it is

10. The Verb Sum: Present Tense
sum has two present stems: su– and es–
it takes the regular personal endings (using –m in 1st SG) SG PL
1st
sum
I am
sumus
we are
2nd es
you are
estis
you (pl.) are
3rd
est
he/she/it is
sunt
they are

11. The Verb Sum: Uses
Ordinarily used as a linking verb
linking a subject nom. with a predicate nom.
Gallia est prōvincia.
linking a subject with some other predicate
Gallia est in Europā.
In the 3rd person (sg. & pl.) can also be used existentially
est: there is
sunt: there are

12. Questions with –ne

13. Questions with –ne –ne is an enclitic (< Grk. ‘to lean on’)
enclitics must be attached to another word
Add enclitic –ne to the 1st word of a statement to make that statement a question
question must expect the answer ‘yes’ OR ‘no’
verb is usually moved to the beginning of the sentence and –ne is then usually attached to the verb, but not always
if an interrogative pronoun, adverb, or adjective introduces the question, –ne is NOT used
Galliane est prōvincia?
Suntne agricolae in Ītaliā?

14. The Conjunction –que

15. The Conjunction –que –que is also an enclitic
equivalent to the conjunction et
connects two syntactically equivalent words
agricola feminaque, agricolas feminasque
NOT agricola feminasque, or agricolas feminaque
Add enclitic –que to the 2nd word in a pair of syntactically equivalent words to join them together
–que must be translated BEFORE the word to which it is attached
–que can never end a sentence.
SECT. 01 (need to do –ne also) / Finish only this (-que) with SECT. 02

16. The Conjunction –que Gallia Germaniaque provinciae sunt in Europā.
Add enclitic –que to the 2nd word in a pair of syntactically equivalent words to join them together
–que must be translated BEFORE the word to which it is attached
–que can never end a sentence.
Gallia Germaniaque provinciae sunt in Europā.
A. There are Gaul, Germany and provinces in Europe.
B. Gaul and Germany are provinces in Europe.