1. Body Structure, Color, and Oncology
Chapter 2
Body Structure, Color, and Oncology

2. Objective 1: Pronounce anatomic structures of the human body.
Chapter 2
Objective 1: Pronounce anatomic structures of the human body.

3. Organization of the Human Body
cell (sel): basic unit of all living things
tissue (TISH-ū): group of similar cells that perform a specific function
organ (OR-gen): two or more types of tissue that together perform special body functions
system (SIS-tem): a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions
Name the components of each unit of organization.
What is a group of similar cells that performs a specific task called?

4. Types of Tissues (TISH-ūs)
muscle tissue (MUS-el) (TISH-ū): produces movement
nervous tissue (NURV-us) (TISH-ū): responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities
connective tissue (ke-NEK-tiv) (TISH-ū): connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures
epithelial tissue (ep-i-THĒ-lē-al) (TISH-ū): major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands.
What is the special ability of muscle tissue?
What are two examples of connective tissue?
What does epithelial tissue form?

5. Body Cavities cranial cavity (KRĀ-ne-al) (KAV-i-tē): brain
spinal cavity (SPĪN-al): spinal cord
thoracic cavity (thō-RAS-ic) (KAV-i-tē): heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area
abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-i-nal) (KAV-i-tē): stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters
pelvic cavity (PEL-vik) (KAV-i-tē): urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the rectum
abdominopelvic cavity (ab-dom-i-nō-PEL-vik) (KAV-i-tē): both the pelvic and abdominal cavities
Which cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Which cavities form the dorsal cavity?
What two cavities combine to form the abdominopelvic cavity?

6. Select the pronunciation of the anatomic structure defined.
Objective 1 Review
Select the pronunciation of the anatomic structure defined.
(TISH-ū) (OR-gen) (SIS-tem) (sel)
basic unit of all life
group of similar cells that perform a specific function
two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions
group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions
(sel)
(TISH-ū)
(OR-gen)
(SIS-tem)

7. Chapter 2
Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to body structure, color, and oncology.

8. Organization of the Human Body
What are the four combining forms indicated on the slide?

9. Types of Tissues
Have students identify the combining forms for the four types of body tissue.
Answers:
neur/o
epitheli/o
sarc/o
my/o

10. Combining Forms for Colors
Name the definitions of the following combining forms.
chlor/o
chrom/o
cyan/o
erythr/o
leuk/o
melan/o
xanth/o
green
color
blue
red
white
black
yellow
Which term means “color”?
Which term means “blue”?
Which term means “black”?

11. Prefix Practice through, complete
Name the prefixes for the following definitions.
through, complete
painful, abnormal, difficult, labored
above, excessive
below, incomplete, deficient, under
after, beyond, change
new
before
dia-
dys-
hyper-
hypo-
meta-
neo-
pro-

12. Compare and Contrast Word Root cyt/o path/o sarc/o Suffix -cyte -pathy
-sarcoma
Ask students to define the meaning of the word parts listed.
-cyte and –pathy are suffixes with embedded word roots and noun endings with no meaning (-e and –y).
Some suffixes are made of a word root plus a suffix; they are presented as suffixes for ease of learning. For example, -pathy is made up of the word root path and the suffix -y. When analyzing a medical term, divide the suffixes as learned. For example, somatopathy should be divided somat/o/pathy and not somat/o/path/y.
-sarcoma has the word root “sarc” embedded within the suffix

13. Suffixes Containing “gen”
-gen: substance or agent that produces or causes
Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer
-genic: producing, originating, causing
Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells
Ask the class to name other terms containing -gen or -genic.
somatogenic, carcinogenic, iatrogenic, oncogenic, pathogenic

14. Review Question Which of the following is a suffix that means disease?
cyt/o
-pathy
path/o
-cyte
Answer: b) -pathy
What is a combining form meaning cell? Answer: cyt/o
What is a suffix meaning cell? –cyte
What is a combining form meaning disease? Answer: path/o

15. General Categories of Terms
To facilitate your study, textbook terms are generally categorized as:
Disease and Disorders
Surgical (beginning with Chapter 4)
Diagnostic (beginning with Chapter 5)
Complementary
Terms are further categorized as Built from and NOT Built from.

16. Chapter 2
Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder oncology terms.

17. Pronunciation Key
Table 2.2 Pronunciation Key

18. Fun With Pronunciation Eight Ways to Say “ough”
Now that you have reviewed the Pronunciation Key …
Think of the English pronunciation of “ough” present in many words ...
Some Words with “ough” and pronunciations:
bough – (bow)
borough (buhr-ah or buhr-oh)
cough – (coff)
enough – (enuff)
through – (throo)
though – (tho)
ought (awt)
hiccough – (hik-uhp)
OK, the terms are not this TOUGH! How is that pronounced … which of the eight ways to say “ough”?
Encourage students to use Evolve Student Resources>Pronounce and Spell

19. Analyzing Terms That Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix
“Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix.
The word root is embedded in the suffix.
S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
Ask students to think of other terms that appear to be built from a prefix and suffix, such as hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metastasis.
neo plasm

20. Review Question Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
melan/o/carcin/oma
melano/carcin/oma
WR CV WR S CF
Answer: A
In B, the combining vowel, “o,” neither identified (“CV”), nor is the slash placed.
WR WR S CF

21. Fill in the blanks to complete labeling of this diagram of a benign cancer.
lip oma

22. Objective 4: Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms.
Chapter 2
Objective 4: Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms.

23. A Closer Look at the Suffix, -plasia
-plasia means: condition of formation, development, growth
Build medical terms with the following definitions by using –plasia.
abnormal development
excessive development
incomplete development
dysplasia
hyperplasia
hypoplasia
dys- = abnormal (painful, abnormal, difficult, labored)
hyper- = excessive (above, excessive)
hypo- = incomplete (below, incomplete, deficient, under)
Adjective Forms: dysplastic, hyperplastic, hypoplastic

24. An Even Closer Look at condition of formation, development, growth
Have students build the term to label the illustration. Answer: hyper/plasia
Observe the difference in the adrenal glands.
hyper plasia

25. Ellipsis
Ellipsis is the practice of omitting an essential part of a word by common consent.
Examples:
erythrocyte - red (blood) cell
leukocyte - white (blood) cell
The word root for blood is omitted.

26. Review Question Which of the following means cell with a nucleus?
karyocyte
leukocyte
erythrocyte
cytoplasm
Answer: a) karyocyte
Ask students to define the other terms listed as well.

27. Chapter 2
Objective 5: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to body structure, color, and oncology.

28. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
cancerous
carcinogen
carcinogenic
cyanosis
diagnosis (Dx)
etiology
iatrogenic
iatrology
metastasis (pl. metastases) (METS)
oncogenic
oncologist
oncology
organic
pathogenic
pathologist
pathology
prognosis (Px)
xanthochromic
xanthosis
Complementary terms complete the vocabulary presented in the chapter by describing signs, symptoms, medical specialties, specialists, and related words.
A sign is objective information and is detected on physical examination such as observation that the patient has cyanosis of the nail beds.
A symptom is subjective information and is evidence of disease as perceived by the patient; it is what patients say about themselves such as stating the feeling of pain in their chest while walking.
Present the terms on this list.
Demonstrate how word parts make up the terms.
Explain how to define the terms from knowing the word parts.

29. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
afebrile
apoptosis
benign
biological therapy
carcinoma in situ
chemotherapy (chemo)
encapsulated
exacerbation
febrile
hospice
idiopathic
inflammation
in vitro
in vivo
malignant
morbidity
mortality
palliative
radiation therapy (XRT)
remission
Note that the terms are not built from word parts, and thus, different exercises are used to learn the terms.
Present the terms on this list.
What does malignant mean? Answer: tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer
What term indicates that a growth is enclosed? Answer: encapsulated
What term indicates that cancer is at an early stage? Answer: carcinoma in situ

30. Review Question
Which of the following terms is built from word parts and can be literally translated to find its meaning?
in vitro
carcinoma in situ
adenocarcinoma
benign
Answer: c) aden/o/carcin/oma
Ask students to define the other terms listed.

31. Objective 6: Identify and use singular and plural endings.
Chapter 2
Objective 6: Identify and use singular and plural endings.

32. Singular and Plural Endings (1 of 4)
LATIN SUFFIXES
Singular Plural
-a -ae
-ax -aces
-ex -ices
-is -es
-ix -ices
-um -a
-us -i
Discuss singular and plural suffixes and provide examples of medical terms.

33. Singular and Plural Endings (2 of 4)
USING LATIN SUFFIXES
Singular Plural
bursa bursae
thorax thoraces
cortex cortices
pelvis pelves
appendix appendices
bacterium bacteria
fungus fungi

34. Singular and Plural Endings (3 of 4)
GREEK SUFFIXES
Singular Plural
-ma -mata
-nx -nges
-on -a
-sis -ses

35. Singular and Plural Endings (4 of 4)
USING GREEK SUFFIXES
Singular Plural
sarcoma sarcomata
pharynx pharynges
ganglion ganglia
metastasis metastases

36. Chapter 2
Objective 7: Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to body structure and oncology.

37. Abbreviations
What is the abbreviation for this type of cancer treatment?
FIG. 2.8 A patient receiving intravenous chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may also be administered orally in pill form.
chemo

38. Practice with Abbreviations
What is the abbreviation for radiation therapy?
FIG. 2.9 Radiation therapist preparing the patient for radiation therapy.
XRT

39. Abbreviations Review cancerous tumor leukocyte
Identify the definition or term with its abbreviation
cancerous tumor
leukocyte
identification of a disease
beyond control (plural)
prediction of a possible outcome of a disease
erythrocyte CA
WBC Dx
METS Px
RBC

40. End of Chapter Review Term myoma histology neuroma pathologist
Identify terms by category
Term
myoma
histology
neuroma
pathologist
inflammation
Category of the Term
disease and disorder/oncology
body structure
complementary
complementary NOT built from

41. Objective 8: Apply medical language in clinical contexts.
Chapter 2
Objective 8: Apply medical language in clinical contexts.

42. Pronounce Medical Terms
DIRECTIONS: Practice pronunciation of terms by reading aloud the following medical document. Use the phonetic spelling after each medical term to assist you in saying the words. The script contains medical terms not yet presented. Treat them as information only; you will learn more about them as you continue to study. Or, if desired, look for their meanings in your medical dictionary or reliable online source.
When reading the medical document aloud, ask students to pronounce and define the bolded terms.
Textbook p.

43. Comprehend Medical Terms in Use
Test your comprehension of terms in the previous medical document by answering T for true and F for false. 1. The cancer has spread from the colon to other surrounding organs. 2. The specimen is described as having abnormal development. 3. The patient’s prognosis is carcinoma of the colon. 4. The patient’s colon was removed to avoid development of a malignant lesion in the remaining colon. 5. The patient was referred to a pathologist for consideration of treatment for the cancer with drugs.
Answers
1. F, “no evidence of metastasis” (transfer of disease from one organ to another) means the cancer has not spread to surrounding organs.
2. T
3. F, prognosis means “prediction of the outcome of disease”; diagnosis means “identifying a disease.”
4. T
5. F, an oncologist treats patients with cancer; a pathologist studies body changes caused by disease usually from a specimen in a laboratory setting.

44. Metastasis
Use this slide to reinforce how the word parts are combined.

45. Metastasis meta- = after, beyond, change, control; -stasis = control, stop, standing
“English Class”
metastasis – singular noun
metastases – plural noun
metastatic – adjective
metastasize – verb
Abbreviations
MET (metastasis), METS (metastases)
Can the students write sentences using these various forms of metastasis?

46. Break Room Chat: Abbreviations
Use of abbreviations spills into real life: lol, rofl and others limit key strokes in texting. In healthcare settings, abbreviations save a lot of time in charting and communicating. Accuracy is essential as well as establishing that there has been a meeting of the minds when abbreviations are used. Some abbreviations must be used with caution within hearing distance of the patient, e.g., abbreviation used for shortness of breath (SOB), which might be misinterpreted by patient or family. Healthcare employees often make up their own informal abbreviations in communicating amongst staff, which are not acceptable in legal charting.

47. When Negative is a Good Thing
A negative test result means that the substance or condition the test was performed to find (or rule out) is either not present, or present in a normal quantity.
Some diagnostic tests with yield a:
False negative – the test result appears normal, but the condition (or substance does exist.
False positive – the test result incorrectly appears abnormal (as in “false alarm”).