1. Loai Alzghoul

3. The Visual System

4. Anatomy of the eye

5. Intraocular Fluid
Glaucoma

8. Macular Degeneration
age-related macular degeneration
juvenile macular degeneration
“Stargardt disease”

9. Retina Pigmented layer Photoreceptors Bipolar cells Ganglion cells
Horizontal cell
Amacrine cell

10. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

11. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

12. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

13. Light Detection

14. Light Detection

15. Light Detection

16. Light Detection

17. Light Detection

19. Photoreceptors Cones Rods Cones Rods
Photopsin : blue, green and red sensitive pigments

20. Light Adaptation
Pupillary size

21. Pupillary Light Reflex

22. Olivary pretectal nucleus
Edinger-Westphal
nucleus

23. Edinger-Westphal nucleus

24. Light Adaptation Pupillary size Neural adaptation
Photoreceptor adaptation

25. Light Adaptation Pupillary size Neural adaptation
Photoreceptor adaptation

27. Night blindness

28. Retinitis pigmentosa

30. VISUAL PATHWAY

40. Right hemisphere

42. Hemi - anopia

43. Right hemisphere

46. Quadrant - anopia

48. R L R L

49. L R R L

50. R L R L

51. Clinical correlation of Meyer’s loop in the coronal plane.
Clinical correlation of Meyer’s loop in the coronal plane. In this 51-year-old woman with a recent stroke and quadrantanopia, an ischemic lesion is present in the region of Meyer’s loop (arrow), superior to the hippocampus and temporal horn.

52. Clinical correlation of Meyer’s loop in the axial plane.
Clinical correlation of Meyer’s loop in the axial plane. In this 51-year-old woman with a recent stroke and quadrantanopia (same patient as in Fig 14), an ischemic lesion is present in the region of Meyer’s loop (arrow).